ABSTRACT
Physical exercises can result in tissue damage on the muscular system, including during the preseason, which is a period of physical training aiming subsequent competitions. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of plasma CK as a marker of muscle damage during preseason of a professional soccer team; determine when preseason CK levels reach their peak value; and verify CK concentration on preceding moment to the first official match of the season. Professional soccer players (n = 31) attended this study (24.3 ± 3.9 years, 181.0 ± 7.0 cm, 9.1 ± 1.3%GC and 66.0 ± 4.5 mLO2/kg/min). The plasma concentration of CK was determined at the beginning of the preseason (M1), 4 (M2), 10 (M3) and 15 (M4) days after. We identified CK values of 178.2 ± 12.0, 540.0 ± 59.1, 389.8 ± 49.5, 408.7 ± 45.0 U/L for M1, M2, M3 and M4 respectively. The peak concentration of CK occurred on M2 (p<0.05). The analysis of the behavior of plasma CK revealed increased levels throughout the preseason of a professional soccer team compared to the holiday period. The peak value of CK was reached on the 4th day of preseason. The concentration of CK on the day prior to the first official match of the season proved to be in the range of values recommended for professional players.
A realização de exercícios físicos pode resultar em danos teciduais sobre o sistema muscular, inclusive durante a pré-temporada, que é um período de preparação física visando competições subsequentes. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o comportamento da CK plasmática como marcador de dano muscular ao longo da pré-temporada de uma equipe de futebol profissional; determinar em que momento da pré-temporada os níveis de CK atingem o valor pico; e verificar a concentração de CK no dia antecedente ao primeiro jogo oficial da temporada. Participaram deste estudo 31 jogadores de futebol profissional (24.3 ± 3.9 anos, 181.0 ± 7.0 cm de altura, 9.1 ± 1.3 %GC e 66.0 ± 4.5 mlO2/kg/min). A concentração plasmática de CK foi determinada ao início da pré-temporada (M1), 4 (M2), 10 (M3) e 15 (M4) dias após. Identificaram-se valores de CK de 178.2 ± 12.0, 540.0 ± 59.1, 389.8 ± 49.5, 408.7 ± 45.0 U/L para M1, M2, M3 e M4, respectivamente. A concentração pico de CK ocorreu no M2 (p<0,05). A análise do comportamento da CK plasmática revelou níveis aumentados ao longo de toda a pré-temporada de uma equipe de futebol profissional em comparação com o período de férias. O valor pico de CK foi atingido no 4º dia da pré-temporada. A concentração de CK no dia antecedente ao primeiro jogo oficial da temporada mostrou-se na faixa de valores recomendada para jogadores profissionais.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was to assess the bond strength of composite resin repairs subjected to different surface treatments and accelerated artificial aging. 192 cylindrical samples (CSs) were prepared and divided into 24 groups (n = 8). Half of the CSs were stored in water for 24 h, and the other half were subjected to C-UV accelerated aging for non-metallic specimens. The treatments were phosphoric acid + silane + adhesive (PSA); phosphoric acid + adhesive (PA); diamond bur + phosphoric acid + silane + adhesive (DPSA); diamond bur + phosphoric acid + adhesive (DPA); air abrasion + phosphoric acid + silane + adhesive (APSA); and air abrasion + phosphoric acid + adhesive (APA). The repair was performed and the specimens were again aged as described above. A control group (n = 8) was established and did not receive any type of aging or surface treatment. The specimens were loaded to failure in shear mode with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA/Tukey's test (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found among DPSA, DPA, APSA, APA, and the control group. The aged PSA and PA achieved low bonding values and were statistically different from the control group, whereas the non-aged PSA and PA presented no statistically significant difference from the control group. Repairs with the proposed surface treatments were viable on both recent and aged restorations; however, phosphoric acid + adhesive alone were effective only on recent restorations.
Subject(s)
Composite Resins/chemistry , Dental Bonding/methods , Dental Restoration Repair/methods , Analysis of Variance , Dental Cements/chemistry , Materials Testing , Phosphoric Acids/chemistry , Shear Strength , Surface Properties , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Concentrações plasmáticas de creatina quinase (CK) têm sido utilizadas como um indicador do estresse imposto à musculatura esquelética decorrente da atividade em várias modalidades esportivas. Porém, ainda não há trabalhos sobre a cinética pós jogo dessa enzima de forma seriada no futebol durante uma temporada competitiva. O objetivo foi analisar a cinética da concentração plasmática de CK em coletas seriadas em diferentes momentos pós jogo durante uma temporada competitiva de futebol sem interrupção do cronograma de treinamentos. Participaram do estudo 17 atletas profissionais de futebol (22,2±3,1 anos, 179± 6,0 cm de altura, 9,5±1,1% de gordura corporal e 67,0±3,5 mLO2/kg/ min) foram monitorados durante três meses do campeonato nacional.A concentração plasmática da CK foi mensurada antes do início da pré-temporada (pré) e em quatro ocasiões após dos jogos (pós-1 (12-20h), pós-2 (36-48h), pós-3 (60-65h) e pós-4 (90-110h). Os valores da concentração plasmática de CK foram maiores em todas as em comparação com a fase pré (p<0,05). Pós-2 foi menor que pós-1 e maior que pós-3 e 4 (p<0,05). Pós-3 e PÓS=4 foram semelhantes. O estudo permitiu concluir que a rotina de treinamentos dos jogadores influenciou a cinética de remoção da CK, apresentando sua concentração pico entre 12-20h pós jogo, retornando aos valores normais de treinamento em 60-65h. Tal procedimento pode ser utilizado com o objetivo de se monitorar o estado de recuperaçãodos atletas e a intensidade dos jogos e treinamentos.
Serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration has been widely used as an indicator of skeletal muscle damage in sports. However, there are no studies on post-game CK kinetics in soccer during a competitive season. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum CK kinetics in professional soccer players at different post-game times during a competitive season without training interruption. Seventeen professional soccer players (age: 22.2±3.1 years, height: 179±6.0 cm, body fat percentage: 9.5±1.1, and 67.0±3.5 mL O2/kg/min) were evaluated over a period of 3 months of the national championship. Serum CK concentration was measured before the beginning of the season (baseline) and at four different times after a soccer game(post-1: 12-20 h, post-2: 36-48 h, post-3: 60-65 h, and post-4: 90-110 h). Plasma CK concentrations were higher at all times when compared to baseline (p<0.05). Post-2 CK concentration was lower than post-1 and higher than post-3 and -4 (p<0.05), with no significant differences between post-3 and post-4. In conclusion, serum CK kinetics was influenced by the training routine of the soccer players, witha peak between 12 and 20 h after the game, returning to normal within 60 65 h. This procedure can be used to monitor the recovery state of athletes and game and training intensities.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de comparar la resistencia a compresión de tres diferentes marcas de resinas compuestas. Filtek Supreme (3M-ESPE), Charisma (Heraus-Kulzer), y Teric Ceram (Ivoclar-Vivadent), utilizando dos fuentes de fotopolimerización (Optilght,Gnathus y Ultraled (Dabi Atlante). En total fueron confeccionados 48 especímenes divididos en 6 grupos conteniendo 8 muestras cada uno. Para los grupos G1 (Filtek Supreme); G3 (Tetric Ceram) e G5 (Charisma) fue utilizada una lámpara de luz halógena; para los grupos G2 (Filtek Supreme); G4 (Tetric Ceram) e G6 (Charisma) fue utilizada una unidad de fotopolimerización por LEDs. El tiempo de polimerización fue el mismo recomendado por los propios fabricantes. Todas las muestras fueron almacenadas en recipientes plásticos negros herméticamente tapados durante 24 horas. Los ensayos mecánicos de compresión fueron realizados usando una Maquina Universal de Ensayos EMIC DL 2000, con célula de carga de 2000kgf con velocidad de acción de 0,5mm/minuto hasta producir la fractura. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados usando los tests estadísticos ANOVA/Tukey (p<0,005). Las medias encontradas en MPa fueron: G1 248.37; G 2193.75; G3 222.00; G4 195.87; G5 280.37; G6 205.25. Se observó que las resinas compuestas Filtek Supreme y Charisma polimerizadas por luz halógena presentaron los valores de resistencia a compresión estadísticamente superiores a los mostrados por los grupos polimerizados con LEDs. El grupo de Tetric Ceram no mostró diferencia estadísticamente significante. El grupo 5 mostró valores superiores en relación a los otros grupos, siendo estadísticamente diferente de los grupos 2,3,4,6. El grupo 2 mostró los menores valores, siendo estadísticamente diferente de los grupos 1 y 5. Por los resultados obtenidos puede concluirse de que las resinas fotopolimerizadas por luz halógena presentaron los mejores resultados de resistencia a compresión con excepción de la resina compuesta Tetric Ceram.
This study main purpose was to evaluate the mechanical response of three different resin composite brands; Filtek Supreme, Charisma and Tetric Ceram cured by halogen or light emitting diode - LED (Optilght,Gnathus e Ultraled, Dabi Atlante). A nylon mold 4-mm in diameter and 8-mm in depth was used to obtain forty eight specimens dived in 6 groups of 8 varying the light-curing unit; G1 Filtek Supreme, G3 Tetric, G5 Charisma cured by halogen light-curing unit, and G2 Filtek Supreme, G4 Tetric, G6 Charisma cured by LED. The resin composites were inserted according to the incremental method. The resin composites were light cured according to the manufactures' instructions. The specimens were kept in plastic containers airtightly closed for 24 hours. In order to perform the evaluation, an EMIC DL 2000 was used at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute and a charge cell of 2000 Kg strength. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test at a p<0.05 significance level. The mean were G1 248.37, G2 193.75, G3 222.00, G4 195.87, G5 280.37, G6 205.25. In conclusion, the resin composites light-cured by halogen scored higher in the compressive strength test. In the Tetric Ceram group there were no statistically relevant results.