ABSTRACT
Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre as percepções de docentes a respeito de crianças em situação de imigração ou de refúgio na escola pública, baseada na perspectiva crítica de educação intercultural e na concepção histórico-cultural. Foram realizadas entrevistas entre 2018 e 2019 com dez professores do Ensino Fundamental I de uma escola municipal de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, com mais de doze anos de experiência na educação básica e que tiveram, em suas turmas, crianças congolesas ou angolanas. Identificamos que a presença de crianças em situação de imigração, que inicialmente se poderia constituir em um elemento dificultador para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, tem sido um motor para novas reflexões sobre diferenças, desigualdades, preconceitos e discriminação no espaço escolar.
Abstract This article presents a qualitative study on the perceptions of teachers about immigrant or refugee children in public schools. It is based on the critical perspective of intercultural education and in the historical-cultural concept. Interviews were conducted between 2018 and 2019 with ten teachers of the first five years in a municipal elementary school in Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro. All the teachers have over twelve years of experience in basic education, and had Congolese or Angolan children in their classes. We identified that the presence of immigrant children, which could initially be a difficult element for the teaching-learning process, has motivated new reflections on differences, inequalities, prejudices and discrimination in schools.
Résumé Cet article présente une recherche qualitative sur les perceptions des enseignants concernant des enfants en situation d'immigration ou de réfuge, ancrée sur la perspective critique de l'éducation interculturelle et la conception historico-culturelle. Des entretiens ont été menés entre 2018 et 2019 auprès de dix enseignants de l'Enseignement élementaire d'une école comunale de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, ces enseignants avec douze ans et plus d'expérience avaient dans leurs classes des enfants congolais ou angolais. Nous avons constaté que la présence d'enfants en situation d'immigration qui, au départ, aurait pu rendre difficile le processus d'enseignement-apprentissage est plutôt un moteur de nouvelles réflexions sur les différences, les inégalités, les préjugés et la discrimination dans l'espace scolaire.
Resumen Este artículo presenta una investigación cualitativa sobre las percepciones de docentes sobre los niños inmigrantes o refugiados en las escuelas públicas, basada en la perspectiva crítica de la educación intercultural y la concepción histórico-cultural. Las entrevistas se realizaron entre 2018 y 2019 con diez profesores del primer ciclo de enseñanza primaria, de una escuela municipal en Duque de Caxias, Río de Janeiro, con más de doce años de experiencia en educación básica y que tenían niños congoleños o angoleños en sus clases. Identificamos que la presencia de niños inmigrantes, que inicialmente podría ser un elemento obstaculizador para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, ha sido un motor para nuevas reflexiones sobre diferencias, desigualdades, prejuicios y discriminación en el espacio escolar.
ABSTRACT
A brincadeira é um fenômeno universal que apresenta aspectos peculiares os quais são influenciados por elementos dos ambientes físico, social, cultural e pelas características das crianças. Esses aspectos permitem compreender a brincadeira como produto e produtor do desenvolvimento humano, pois é por meio dela que o indivíduo experimenta, de uma forma segura, comportamentos que, em situações normais, isto é, fora do contexto lúdico, poderiam ter consequências sociais aversivas. O objetivo do trabalho foi o de descrever as brincadeiras ribeirinhas amazônicas. Participaram da pesquisa 66 crianças e adolescentes, moradores da comunidade do rio Araraiana, cuja faixa etária está entre 0 e 18 anos, dos quais 32 meninos e 34 meninas. Utilizou-se o Inventário Sociodemográfico (ISD) e o Inventário Espontâneo das Brincadeiras (IEB). Os dados revelaram uma diversidade de brincadeiras: a brincadeira simbólica, jogos com regras, brincadeira locomotora, brincadeiras com objetos e com animais e brincadeira de construção. Os resultados demonstram que as brincadeiras expressam, em sua maioria, o dia a dia da comunidade como: a construção de brinquedos de barco e espingarda, situações com temas domésticos (cozinha, boneca) e ligados ao meio de subsistência como pescar, conduzir canoa, construir gaiola. Portanto, as brincadeiras de maneira geral retratam aspectos peculiares do ambiente físico, social e cultural do universo infantil da comunidade ribeirinha estudada.
El juego es un fenómeno universal que tiene aspectos peculiares que son influenciados por elementos de los ambientes físicos, sociales y culturales por parte de las características de los niños. Estos aspectos nos permiten entender la broma como un producto y productor del desarrollo humano, ya que es a través de él que las experiencias individuales en una forma segura y comportamientos que, en situaciones normales, es decir, fuera del contexto del juego, podría tener consecuencias sociales aversivas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los juegos fluviales amazónicas. Participaron en el estudio 66 niños, niñas y adolescentes que viven en el río Araraiana comunidad, cuya edad está comprendida entre 0 y 18 años, entre ellos 32 niños y 34 niñas. Se utilizó el programa sociodemográfica (ISD) y el Inventario de Juego Espontáneo (IEB). Los datos revelaron una diversidad de juegos: juego simbólico, juegos con reglas, juego locomotor, jugar con objetos y animales y la construcción de broma. Los resultados demuestran que las bromas expresan, sobre todo los días para la comunidad día como barco juguetes de construcción y de escopeta situaciones con cuestiones domésticas (cocina, muñeca) y vinculados a los medios de subsistencia, como la pesca, el piragüismo plomo, construir jaula. Por lo tanto, los juegos generalmente retratan aspectos específicos del entorno físico, social y cultural de la niñez en la comunidad ribereña de estudio.
Play is a universal phenomenon which has peculiar aspects which are influenced by elements of the physical, social, and cultural environments by the characteristics of children. These aspects allow us to understand the joke as a product and producer of human development, because it is through it that the individual experiences in a safe way, behaviors that, in normal situations, ie, outside the play context, could have aversive social consequences. The objective of this study was to describe the Amazonian riverine games. Participated in the study 66 children and adolescents living in the community Araraiana river, whose age is between 0 and 18 years, including 32 boys and 34 girls. We used the sociodemographic schedule (ISD) and the Inventory of Spontaneous Play (IEB). The data revealed a diversity of games: a symbolic play, turbulent/agonistic play, games with rules, locomotor play, play with objects and animals and joke construction. The results demonstrate that the jokes express, mostly day to day community as building toys boat and shotgun situations with domestic issues (kitchen, doll) and linked to livelihood such as fishing, canoeing lead, build cage. Therefore, the games generally portray specific aspects of the physical, social and cultural environment of childhood in the riverside community studied.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Rural Population , Play and Playthings/psychology , Brazil , Psychomotor Performance , Personality DevelopmentABSTRACT
A rotina das famílias tem se revelado uma estratégia interessante que permite conhecer não apenas seu funcionamento, mas também o desenvolvimento de seus membros. Todavia, investigar rotinas constitui um desafio para os pesquisadores interessados nessa temática, principalmente quando se trata de grupos inseridos em contextos culturais diferenciados. Com o intuito de contribuir metodologicamente, o presente trabalho descreve um instrumento de investigação qualitativo (Questionário de Rotinas Familiares - QRF), utilizado para coletar dados de rotinas de famílias que vivem em uma comunidade ribeirinha amazônica, cuja característica principal é o isolamento geográfico e social. São apresentadas as etapas de construção do instrumento, as adaptações necessárias e o modo de organização dos resultados (Diagrama de Atividades Familiares - DAF), ilustrados a partir de um caso investigado.
Family routines have been revealed as an interesting strategy that allows the knowledge not only of its operation, but also the development of its members. Nevertheless, investigating routines constitutes a challenge to researchers interested in this subject, mainly when it is about groups inserted in differentiated cultural contexts. In order to provide a methodological contribution, this work describes an instrument of qualitative investigation (IFR - Inventory of Family Routines). This instrument was used to collect data about the routines of families who live in an Amazonia's riverside community, and whose main feature is the geographical and social isolation. The steps of the instrument construction are presented along with the necessary adaptations and the manner of results organization (FAD - Family Activities Diagram), all of them illustrated through an investigative case.
Subject(s)
Humans , Nuclear Family , Family Practice , Family Relations , Indigenous PeoplesABSTRACT
A decrease in caries experience among children has been observed in all countries. However, this subject has yet to be further investigated in adolescents. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and incidence of caries disease and determine possible factors associated to this condition among adolescents. A 2-phase longitudinal study was performed. The first phase comprised a prevalence study of caries carried out with children aged 11 to 13 years (n=247). The second phase was performed with the same participants at the ages of 15 to 17 years. DMF-T and Significant Caries Index (SiC) were used to assess dental caries experience. A logistic regression model analysis of data was performed. On the first phase, 69.23% of the subjects presented caries. The DMFT was 2.52 ± 2.54 and the SiC was 4.23 ±2.72. In the second phase, 88.26% of the subjects presented caries. The DMFT and the SiC were 5.27 ±4.10 and 10.58 ±3.13, respectively. Caries incidence was 2.94 ±3.05. The multivariate analysis identified that the individuals belonging to the most deprived social classes presented a 2.51-fold (1.22-5.19; p=0.012) higher chance of having experience caries (1st phase). The chance was 2.51-fold (1.21-2.55; p=0.013) higher in the 2nd phase. In conclusion, high caries prevalence and incidence were observed in the studied population and social factors were associated with these findings. Socioeconomic factors showed a direct association with caries experience.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Dental Health Surveys , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
A inserção ecológica pressupõe um envolvimento contínuo do pesquisador com os participantes no contexto em que a investigação ocorre. Contudo, em algumas pesquisas de campo há problemas operacionais inerentes que dificultam o contato ininterrupto do pesquisador e que se configuram como um desafio metodológico. O presente artigo apresenta as estratégias utilizadas para a "inserção ecológica" de um grupo de pesquisadores em um contexto ribeirinho amazônico na ilha do Marajó. Serão especialmente discutidos os seguintes aspectos: a) a formação da equipe de pesquisadores e a construção coletiva do conhecimento; b) o contato com informante, o seu papel e a descrição de uma estratégia de coleta de dados através da técnica de fotografias e c) a utilização do inventário sociodemográfico (ISD) como elemento de coleta e de inserção ecológica.
The ecological engagement presupposes a continuous involvement between researchers and the participants in the context where the investigation occurs. However, in some field researchers there are inherent operational problems that complicate the ceaseless contact of the researchers and that configure themselves as a methodological challenge. This article presents the strategies used for ecological engagement of a researchers team in an Amazon river context at Marajó island. It will be discussed the following aspects: a) the formation of the researchers team and the collective construction of knowledge; b) the contact with the informer, his role and the description of one strategy for a data collection through the techniques of photographies and c) the use of the sociodemographic inventory (SDI) as an element of collection and ecological engagement.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Human Development , Interpersonal Relations , Research Personnel , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess oral health status and its relationship with quality of life. A household population, cross-sectional study was carried out; participants were between 15 and 17 years of age (n = 247) and were examined by two calibrated dentists. Socio-economic status was classified according to ANEP-ABIPEME criteria. Clinical examinations to observe DMFT, CPI and Dean indices were performed as per WHO criteria. The Significant Caries Index (SiC) was used to evaluate polarization of the occurrence of caries among participants of the tercile with higher DMF-T. The OHIP instrument was used to measure quality of life. The Spearman and Mann-Whitney tests were used for assessing correlations (5 percent significance level). Examinations were carried out in 117 (47.37 percent) females and in 130 (52.63 percent) males. Of the examined participants, 45.75 percent were classified as belonging to socio-economic class C. Caries occurrence was observed in 218 subjects (88.26 percent); the mean DMFT was 5.40. The SiC index was 9.97. Almost half (47.77 percent) of the participants examined did not present sextants affected by periodontal disease. Of the participants examined, 80.16 percent presented absence of fluorosis. The mean OHIP was 3.95. The following correlations were observed: a positive and statistically significant correlation between the highest score in the OHIP and decayed teeth; a positive correlation with threshold significance between OHIP and DMFT; an inverse correlation between intact teeth and OHIP; and a positive and non statistically significant correlation between SiC and OHIP (correlation coefficient = 0.13, p = 0.245). Association between the mean OHIP and the terciles was not significant (p = 0.146); there were also no associations between periodontal condition and OHIP nor were there associations between the presence of fluorosis and mean OHIP.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , DMF Index , Oral Health , Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology , Quality of Life/psychology , Sickness Impact Profile , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Health Surveys , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Fluorosis, Dental/epidemiology , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
Este trabalho, um estudo exploratório-descritivo e de campo, teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de crianças que freqüentam uma creche municipal da cidade de Guarulhos. A população foiconstituída de 44 crianças entre 12 e 36 meses de idade. A avaliação do crescimento foi realizada por meio damensuração do peso e altura da criança. Para o desenvolvimento foi utilizado o Denver II. Os resultados permitiram concluir que houve comprometimento do peso e da estatura, evidenciado pelo escore Z, identificando crianças com risco de desnutrição e obesidade, com maior prevalência para o sexo feminino.Quanto ao desenvolvimento dessas crianças, o estudo mostrou que a maioria não apresentou defasagens,porém foram identificadas crianças com suspeita de atraso nas áreas da linguagem e motora grossa.
This study presents a descriptive-exploratory and field study, having as objective to evaluate the growth anddevelopment of infants attending a municipal day care in the city of Guarulhos. The population included 44children between ages of 12 and 36 months. The growth evaluation was performed taking into consideration thechilds weight and height measurements. The development assessment was performed using the Denver II. Theresults allowed us to conclude that the child's weight and height were compromised as demonstrated by Zscores. Children with malnutrition and obesity risks were identified, with females prevailing in larger number. Inrelation to the childrens development, the study showed that most of them did not present abnormalities. However, children with suspected delays in speech and motor skills were identified.
Se trata de una investigación del tipo exploratorio, descriptivo y de campo que tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento y el desarrollo de niños que frecuentan una guardería municipal de la ciudad de Guarulhos. La población fue constituida de 44 niños entre 12 y 36 meses de edad. La evaluación del crecimiento fue realizada a través de la medida del peso y altura del niño. Para el desarrollo fue utilizado el Denver II. Los resultados permitieron concluir que hubo alteración en el peso y en la estatura evidenciada por el escore Z, identificando niños con riesgo de desnutrición y de obesidad, con mayor predominio para el sexo femenino. Cuanto al desarrollo el estudio mostró que la mayoría no presentó desfases, sin embargo fueron identificados niños consospecha de retraso en las áreas del lenguaje y motora gruesa.