Research progress on the mechanism of -lactam resistance in group A Streptococci in vivo / 中国当代儿科杂志

-lactams, including penicillin, have been used for over 80 years in the treatment of group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections. Although -lactam-resistant GAS strains have not been identified in vitro tests, clinical treatment failures have been reported since the 1950s. The mechanism underlying the clinical failure of -lactam treatment in GAS infections remains unclear. Previous research has suggested that -lactam resistance in GAS in vivo is associated with reduced drug susceptibility of strains, bacterial inoculation effects, biofilm formation, the effect of coexisting bacteria, bacterial persistence, and bacterial internalization into host cells. This article reviews the main reports on -lactam treatment failure in GAS infections and analyzes the possible mechanisms of -lactam resistance in vivo. The findings aim to contribute to future research and clinical approaches in the field.

Preliminary study on the mechanism of halofuginone inhibiting the activity of HepG2 cells / 药学学报

This study aimed to investigate halofuginone's inhibitory effect and mechanism on the activity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. HepG2 cells were used to detect the effects of halofuginone. After treatment, cell activity, cell migration, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis were detected by CCK-8, transwell, and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression levels of growth and metabolism-related factors such as citrate synthase (CS), ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), and isocitrate deoxygenase (IDH) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Compared with the control group, the activity of HepG2 cells was significantly inhibited by halofuginone (P < 0.01), the migration rate of HepG2 cells was decreased (P < 0.01), the apoptosis of HepG2 cells was induced (P < 0.01), and the cell cycle was arrested in S phase (P < 0.01). The expression levels of tricarboxylic acid key enzymes CS, IDH3, and OGDH were up-regulated, the expression level of isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes IDH1 and IDH2 were down-regulation. In conclusion, halofuginone can inhibit the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells and promote apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may be due to the promotion of the aerobic metabolism of cells.

A new suberin from roots of Ephedra sinica Stapf / 药学学报

Six compounds were isolated from the roots of Ephedra sinica Stapf using various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. Their chemical structures were identified by analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data, and determined as (Z)-docosanylferulate (1), (E)-docosanylferulate (2), bis (2-ethylheptyl) phythalate (3), 2,2′-oxybis (1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene) (4), diisobutyl phthalate (5), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (6). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, compounds 2-4 were first isolated from Ephedra. A corticosterone-induced PC-12 cell injury model was used for compound activity screening. The results showed that compounds 1 and 5 significantly improved corticosterone-induced PC-12 cell injury and significantly increased 5-HT7 receptor protein expression in the cells, indicating potential antidepressant activity.

Research progress on bone metabolism and molecular mechanisms in accelerated aging SAMP6 mice / 中国药理学通报

Senile osteoporosis (SOP) is a systemic bone disease characterized by increased susceptibility to fractures. The pathogenesis of SOP is complex and not well understood. Currently, the rapid aging model mouse, senescence accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6), is an ideal model for studying the mechanisms of SOP development and exploring its prevention and treatment. This model exhibits characteristics including increased bone fragility, degradation of bone microstructure, loss of bone matrix, and abnormal metabolism and dysfunction of bone cells, faithfully replicating the process of SOP occurrence and progression at both macroscopic and microscopic levels.

Recent research on the epidemiology and preventive strategies of neonatal group B Streptococcus infection in the latest decade / 中国当代儿科杂志

Currently, the main strategy for preventing neonatal group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection is prenatal screening combined with intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, which has effectively reduced the incidence of neonatal GBS early-onset disease. However, the burden of GBS infection is still significant. The intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis strategy has limitations such as inducing antibiotic resistance and inability to effectively prevent GBS late-onset disease. It is crucial to develop and evaluate other prevention strategies, while paying close attention to assessing penicillin allergy in pregnant women and how to prevent GBS infection in neonates with negative maternal GBS screening. In recent years, there has been some progress in GBS vaccines and related immunological research, and the use of specific vaccines is expected to significantly reduce GBS infection in neonates.

Paying attention to the epidemic of group A Streptococcus infections in multiple European and American countries / 中国当代儿科杂志

At the end of 2022, the World Health Organization reported an increase in group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections, such as scarlet fever, in multiple countries. The outbreak primarily affected children under 10 years old, and the number of deaths was higher than anticipated, causing international concern. This paper reviews the current state of the GAS disease outbreak, its causes, and response measures. The authors aim to draw attention from clinical workers in China and increase their awareness and vigilance regarding this epidemic. Healthcare workers should be aware of the potential epidemiological changes in infectious diseases that may arise after the optimization of control measures for coronavirus disease 2019 to ensure children's health.

Research Progress of microRNA-7/124/155 in Parkinson's Disease / 中国医学科学院学报

Parkinson's disease(PD)is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease,with high morbidity and high disability rate.Since the early symptoms of PD are not typical and often similar to those of normal aging or other diseases.It is easy to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis,which seriously affects the diagnosis and treatment of this disease and aggravetes the burden on the patients' life.MicroRNAs(miRNA)are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation by binding to target messenger RNAs(mRNA).They are highly conserved,short,easy to obtain,and can stably exist in peripheral body fluids.They have been used as biomarkers for a variety of diseases.Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNA play an important role in the development of PD.This paper reviews the recent research progress of miR-7/124/155,three mature miRNA in PD,aiming to provide reference for clarifying the pathogenesis and guiding the diagnosis and treatment of PD.

Shenmai Injection Improves Hypertensive Heart Failure by Inhibiting Myocardial Fibrosis via TGF-β 1/Smad Pathway Regulation / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study effects of Shenmai Injection on hypertensive heart failure and its mechanism for inhibiting myocardial fibrosis.@*METHODS@#Salt-sensitive (Dahl/SS) rats were fed with normal diet (0.3% NaCl) and the high-salt diet (8% NaCl) to observe the changes in blood pressure and heart function, as the control group and the model group. Salt-insensitive rats (SS-13BN) were fed with the high-salt diet (8% NaCl) as the negative control group. After modeling, the model rats were randomly divided into heart failure (HF) group, Shenmai Injection (SMI) group and pirfenidone (PFD) group by a random number table, with 6 rats in each group. They were given sterilized water, SMI and pirfenidone, respectively. Blood pressure, cardiac function, fibrosis and related molecular expression were detected by sphygmomanometer, echocardiogram, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis.@*RESULTS@#After high-salt feeding, compared with the control and negative control group, in the model group the blood pressure increased significantly, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS) were significantly reduced, and the serum NT-proBNP concentration increased significantly (all P<0.05); furthermore, the arrangement of myocardial cells was disordered, the edema was severe, and the degree of myocardial fibrosis was also significantly increased (P<0.05); the protein and mRNA expressions of collagen type I (Col I) were up-regulated (P<0.05), and the mRNA expressions of transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF- β 1), Smad2 and Smad3 were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). Compared with HF group, after intervention of Shenmai Injection, LVEF and LVFS increased, myocardial morphology was improved, collagen volume fraction decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the mRNA expressions of Col I, TGF- β 1, Smad2 and Smad3, as well as Col I protein expression, were all significantly down-regulated (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Myocardial fibrosis is the main pathological manifestation of hypertensive heart failure, and Shenmai Injection could inhibit myocardial fibrosis and effectively improve heart failure by regulating TGF-β 1/Smad signaling pathway.

Interpretation of the essential updates in guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (Version 2022) / 中华肝脏病杂志

Chinese Society of Hepatology and Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association update the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (version 2022) in 2022. The latest guidelines recommend more extensive screening and more active antiviral treating for hepatitis B virus infection. This article interprets the essential updates in the guidelines to help deepen understanding and better guide the clinical practice.

Analysis of the clinical characteristics of 25 cases with parenchymal neuro-Behcet's disease / 中华内科杂志

Objective: To retrospectively investigate the clinical data, radiological characteristics, treatment, and outcome of patients with parenchymal neuro-Behcet's disease (P-NBD) with particular emphasis on dizziness. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of clinical data from 25 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of P-NBD who were admitted to the Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital between 2010 and 2022. The median age of the population was 37 years (range: 17-85 years). Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed, including gender, age of onset, disease duration, clinical manifestations, serum immune indicators, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) routine biochemical and cytokine levels, cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, treatment, and outcome. Results: The majority of patients were male (16 cases; 64.0%), the mean age of onset was (28±14) (range: 4-58 years), and the disease course was acute or subacute. Fever was the most common clinical presentation, and the complaint of dizziness was not uncommon (8/25 patients). Analysis of serum immune indices, including complement (C3 and C4), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrotic factor-alpha were abnormal in 80.0% of patients (20/25). Most of the 16/25 patients who underwent lumbar puncture tests had normal intracranial pressure and increased CSF white cell count and protein [median values were 44 (15-380) ×106/L and 0.73 (0.49-2.81) g/L, respectively]. Of the five patients who underwent CSF cytokine tests, four patients had abnormal results; of these, an elevated level of IL-6 was most common, followed by IL-1 and IL-8. The most common site of involvement in cranial MRI was the brainstem and basal ganglia (60.0% respectively), followed by white matter (48.0%) and the cortex (44.0%). Nine cases (36.0%) showed lesions with enhancement and six cases (24.0%) showed mass-like lesions. Three patients (12.0%) patients had lesions in the spinal cord, most frequently in the thoracic cord. All patients received immunological intervention therapy; during follow up, the majority had a favorable outcome. Conclusions: P-NBD is an autoimmune disease with multiple system involvement and diverse clinical manifestations. The symptom of dizziness is not uncommon and can be easily ignored. Early treatment with immunotherapy is important and can improve the outcome of these patients.

Genetic analysis of a fetus with mosaicism Y chromosome aberration / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To carry out prenatal diagnosis for a fetus with mosaicism Yq deletion.@*METHODS@#A fetus with high risk of sex chromosomes indicated by non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital in July 2021 was selected as the study subject. Prenatal diagnosis of the fetus was performed with combined G-banded chromosomal karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq), real-time fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR), and ultrasound examination.@*RESULTS@#Analysis of the amniocytes at 23 gestational weeks had yielded a 45,X karyotype. However, FISH had shown signals of Y chromosome. Re-examination by cordocentesis had shown a mosaicism of 46,X,+mar[33]/45,X[17]. FISH showed that 69% of the cells had contained Y chromosome signals. The result of CNV-seq was seq[19]del(Y)(q11.1q12)(mos) chrY: g.13200001_ 28820000del (mosaicism rate = 64%), which suggested mosaicism for a Yq deletion, which encompassed the azoospermia factor (AZF) region. Deletion of the AZF region was verified by QF-PCR. The fetal karyotype was ultimately determined as mos46,X,del(Y)(q11.1)[33]/45,X[17]. Although ultrasound examination had shown no abnormality in the fetus, the couple had opted to terminate the pregnancy, and the induced fetus had a normal male appearance.@*CONCLUSION@#The combined use of multiple techniques is beneficial for accurate and rapid prenatal diagnosis. For fetuses with mosaicism chromosomal abnormalities, it may be difficult to accurately predict the postnatal phenotype. It is therefore necessary to further explore their genotype-phenotype correlation in order to provide better guidance upon genetic counseling.

Clinical characteristics of patients with malignant tumors and immune checkpoint inhibitors related multisystem adverse events as well as therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective study / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with malignant tumors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) related multisystem adverse events as well as therapeutic efficacy of ICI.Methods:The general data, immune-related adverse events (irAE) type, onset time, severity and ICI efficacy of patients with malignant tumors who developed irAE after receiving ICI in China-Japan Friendship Hospital between January 2019 and November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into multisystem irAE group and single system irAE group according to whether patients with more than 1 organ or system developed irAE for once. The occurrence of irAE was summarized, and the clinical characteristics of patients were compared. Progression-free survival analysis was not performed owing to the pause of immunotherapy caused by some irAE, so the efficacy of ICI was evaluated by using ICI treatment duration (TD).Results:A total of 47 patients with malignant tumors and irAE were included in this study, with 70 times of irAE in total. The median onset time was 90 d (35 d, 196 d). Among them, 12 patients (25.53%) developed multisystem irAE (32 times of irAE in total); the other 35 patients (74.47%) developed single system irAE (38 times of irAE in total). Cutaneous toxicity for 7 times, thyroid toxicity for 7 times and pulmonary toxicity for 5 times were the most frequent among multisystem irAE group; pulmonary toxicity for 13 times, thyroid toxicity for 12 times and cutaneous toxicity for 5 times were the most frequent among single system irAE group. There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients stratified by age, gender, the combination of other treatments and different body mass between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The median follow-up time was 20 months (9-40 months). The median TD of ICI was 16.00 months (95% CI 3.62-31.22 months) in multisystem irAE group and 4.60 months (95% CI 4.12-11.30 months) in single system irAE group; TD in multisystem irAE group was longer than that in single system irAE group, and the difference was statistically significant ( HR = 0.413, 95% CI 0.202-0.844, P = 0.038). Conclusions:The efficacy of ICI in patients with malignant tumors and multisystem irAE is better than that in those with single system irAE. It suggests that the better efficacy of ICI may be associated with greater risk of irAE. There is no significant difference in the clinical features between multisystem irAE and single system irAE.

Correlation analysis of BRAF V600E mutation with clinical pathological features and prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients with different risk stratification / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E mutation and clinical pathological features in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), and to evaluate the value of BRAF V600E mutation in predicting the efficacy and follow-up of 131I treatment in DTC patients with different risk stratification. Methods:From January 2018 to June 2022, 893 DTC patients (205 males, 688 females, age (42.3±11.9) years) treated with 131I after total thyroidectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into BRAF V600E mutation group ( n=729) and wild-type group ( n=164). According to the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, patients were divided into low-risk (39 cases), medium-risk (498 cases) and high-risk (356 cases), and the curative effect was divided into excellent response (ER) and non-excellent response (NER). The χ2 test, independent-sample t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare differences between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the influencing factors of treatment effect in DTC patients with different risk stratification. Results:The differences in age≥45 years, N stage, unilateral or bilateral DTC, multifocus, mode of operation, number and size of metastatic lymph nodes were statistically significant between BRAF V600E mutation group and wild-type group ( χ2 values: 4.45-17.40, t=-4.08, z=-3.08, all P<0.05). In medium- and high-risk stratification, the stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) levels before and after 131I treatment were slightly higher in the BRAF V600E mutation group, while significantly sharp decreased of sTg and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) in wild-type group ( z value: from -9.30 to -2.65, all P<0.05). In medium- and high-risk stratification, 69.0%(60/87) and 64.3%(45/70) of BRAF V600E wild-type patients reached ER after 131I treatment, which were higher than those of mutant patients (57.4%(236/411) and 45.8%(131/286); χ2 values: 3.96, 7.39, P values: 0.046, 0.007). BRAF V600E mutation was the independent predictor affecting the efficacy of 131I treatment in DTC patients with medium- and high-risk stratification (odds ratio ( OR): 0.411 (95% CI: 0.196-0.864), 0.192 (95% CI: 0.096-0.384), P values: 0.019, <0.001). Conclusions:DTC patients with BRAF V600E mutation are related to the high invasiveness, and show poor improvement in biochemical indicators after initial 131I treatment. In addition, BRAF V600E mutation is an important factor in predicting the therapeutic effect of 131I in DTC patients with medium- and high-risk stratification.

Inhibition of MAPK pathway-induced apoptosis in renal cancer cells by ethanol extraction of Dysosma versipellis / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effects of ethanol extraction of Dysosma versipellis on the proliferation and apoptosis of renal clear cell carcinoma OS-RC-2 cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods After treated with Dysosma versipellis, the proliferation of OS-RC-2 cells was detected by the CCK-8 assay and clone formation assay. The migration rate of cells was detected by thewound healing assay and Transwell assay. The level of ROS was detected by the reactive oxygen detection kit. The common targets between Dysosma versipellis and ROS were obtained by the network pharmacology. The above common targets were analyzed by KEGG. The apoptosis rate and cell cycle were detected by the flow cytometry, and the key proteins of MAPK signaling pathway and the levels of apoptosis related proteins were measured by Western blot. Results The results showed that Dysosma versipellis significantly inhibited the cell viability and migration ability of 0S-RC-2 cells, and up-regulated the level of ROS. Network pharmacology analysis showed a total of 165 common targets between Dysosma versipellis and ROS. KEGG analysis of the common targets revealed that there were significant changes in the MAPK signaling pathway. The results of Western blot showed that after treated with Dysosma versipellis, the protein level of JNK and the ratio of p-ERK/ERK were down-regulated. Besides, the protein level of caspase-9 and Bcl-2 declined, while the levels of cleaved caspase-9 and Bax were promoted. The flow cytometry results showed that Dysosma versipellis could significantly promote the apoptosis rate,down-regulate the cells in Gl-phase,while up-regulate the cells in G2/M-phase. The results of the rescue experiment showed that co-administration of NAC and Dysosma versipellis could significantly reverse the cell viability and apoptosis rate, the level of apop-totic related proteins, as well as the protein levels of MAPK pathway,when compared to treated with Dysosma versipellis alone in OS-RC-2. Conclusion In summary, Dysosma versipellis may inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway via the changes in ROS,further promoting apoptosis rate and decline cell proliferation in OS-RC-2 cell line.

Research progress on mechanisms of neuroinflammation induced by methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein / 中国药理学通报

Methamphetamine abuse and HIV infection are extremely serious public health and social problems facing the world today. Methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein can induce neurotoxicity in an individual and synergistic way, and neuroinflammation is one of the most important mechanisms for ca-using neurotoxicity. Neuroinflammation can be mediated by glial cells, cytokines, NLRP3 inflammasomes, etc. This paper reviews the research progress of neuroinflammation induced by methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein in recent years, with the aim of providing reference and basis for further exploration of the mechanisms of neuroinflammation caused by them and effective drug intervention targets in the future.

A new flavonoid glycoside from Epimedium sagittatum / 药学学报

Fourteen flavonoids were isolated and purified from Epimedium sagittatum by various chromatography techniques such as macroporous adsorbent resin, silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, HW-40C and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data, and determined as 3′-hydroxy-baohuoside-Ⅱ (1), huazhongilexone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (3), baohuoside-Ⅱ (4), icariside-Ⅱ (5), kaempferol 3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), (+)-aromadendrin (7), kaempferol 3-O-(2-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8), sagittatoside A (9), 2″-O-rhamnosyl icariside-II (10), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (11), quercetin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranoyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (12), kaempferol (13), icariin (14). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, while compounds 2, 6-8, 11, and 12 were isolated from E.sagittatum for the first time.

Analysis on the Ethical Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Preservation Thought from the Perspective of Healthy China: Taking Master Lyu’s Spring and Autumn Annals as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

"Healthy China 2030" states that health is a necessary requirement for all-round human development and a basic condition for economic and social development. Achieving national health and longevity is an important symbol of national prosperity and rejuvenation, and also the common aspiration of the people of all ethnic groups in China. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) health preservation has been fully integrated into the construction of "Healthy China", and the development of TCM health preservation culture and thought has a profound historical origin. Starting from the development of TCM health preservation culture thought and ethical principles, this paper analyzed the TCM health preservation thought contained in Master Lyu’s Spring and Autumn Annals, and further discussed and summarized the ethical principles contained in them, with a view to comprehensively and systematically promoting the development of TCM health preservation culture and providing a theoretical basis for people to use health preservation ethical principles to achieve physical fitness, disease prevention and longevity.

Design, synthesis, and activity of 5-cyano-2-thiacetyl aromatic pyrimidinone as DENV NS5 RdRp inhibitors / 药学学报

To screen novel anti-dengue virus (DENV) NS5 RdRp enzyme inhibitors, a series of 5-cyano-2-thiacetoaryl pyrimidinone compounds were designed and synthesized by molecular hybridization method with HCV NS5B RdRp inhibitor 3jc and ZIKV NS5 RdRp inhibitor 4w as lead compounds. The anti-DENV activity of these compounds was evaluated by MTT assay and plaque assay and five compounds showed anti-DENV activity. The most active compound 7a'k showed better anti-DENV activity than that of the positive control ribavirin (EC50 = 7.86 μmol·L-1 vs EC50 = 18.07 μmol·L-1), and the other four compounds showed almost the same anti-DENV activity as ribavirin. Finally, the prediction and simulation of the binding mode through molecular provided new ideas for the further development of this new DENV NS5 RdRp inhibitor.

Pathogenic detection and molecular tracing of a bacillary dysentery outbreak by Shigella sonnei in Huainan city / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To understand the virulence gene and drug resistance profile of Shigella sonnei outbreak in Huainan city, and conduct pathogenic traceability analysis. Methods: Water samples and feces related to an infectious diarrhea outbreak in Huainan city in August 2020 were collected for multiple pathogen detection. Virulence gene, drug sensitivity, pulse-field gel electrophoresis and whole genome sequencing of Shigella isolates were analyzed respectively. Results: 38 strains of Shigella sonnei were detected in 56 samples of mucilage feces with a positive rate 67.86%, and all serotypes were Shigella sonnei Phase I. Three strains of Shigella sonnei were detected by fluorescence PCR in the Gram-negative (GN) bacterial enrichment solution of terminal water and well water. Virulence genes were ipaH positive (38), ipaH/ial (31) and ipaH/ial/sen positive (1), respectively. The drug resistance spectrum showed that 9 of 14 antibiotics were 100% resistant, and only imipenem, chloramphenicol, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin were effective drugs. XbaⅠ restriction enzyme map type of 36 isolates was completely consistent, and the ST type analysis of 3 strains was ST152. Whole genome sequencing and analysis verified that the outbreak was caused by a single clonal group of strains, and revealed that the isolates of the outbreak were clustered into a large cluster with 3 Chinese strains and 1 Korean strain in the database, far away from the strains of other countries. Conclusion: The outbreak is caused by a single clone of Shigella sonnei, which are low virulence strains and have multiple drug resistance.

Weather and Birth Weight: Different Roles of Maternal and Neonatal GPR61 Promoter Methylation / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objectives@#It is unclear whether G protein-coupled receptor 61 (GPR61) affecting body weight, plays a role in the association between birth weight and weather. This study aimed to assess the effects of prenatal weather and GPR61 on birth weight.@*Methods@#A total of 567 mother-newborn pairs were recruited in Houzhai Center Hospital during 2011-2012. We detected the maternal and neonatal GPR61 promoter methylation levels, and obtained meteorological and air pollution data.@*Results@#A positive association was observed between maternal and neonatal GPR61 methylation levels, and both of them were affected by precipitation, relative humidity (RH) and daily temperature range (DTR). Birth weight was associated negatively with RH and positively with DTR ( P < 0.05). A significant association was observed between birth weight and neonatal GPR61 methylation. We observed that maternal GPR61 methylation seemed to modify associations between weather and birth weight ( P interaction < 0.10), while neonatal GPR61 methylation mediated the effects of RH and DTR on birth weight ( P < 0.05).@*Conclusions@#Our findings revealed the significant associations among prenatal weather, GPR61 methylation and birth weight. Maternal GPR61 methylation may modify the susceptibility of birth weight to prenatal weather conditions, while neonatal GPR61 methylation may be a bridge of the effects of prenatal RH and DTR on birth weight.