ABSTRACT
Objectives To compare prospective memory (PM) deficits with retrospective memory (RM) deficits and to explore the correlation between PM and RM in chronic schizophrenia. Methods Fifty chronic schizophrenia pa?tients and fifty healthy controls were recruited. The PM performance [event-based PM (EBPM) and time-based PM (TB?PM)] were evaluated by the Chinese version of the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT); working memory (WM) was evaluated by the digital span subtest (DS);immediate auditory logical memory (IALM), delayed audito?ry logical memory (DALM), immediate visual reproduction memory (IVRM) and delayed visual reproduction memory (DVRM) were evaluated by the logical memory and visual reproduction subtest. The score of each test was transformed to comparable standard score. Results Patients performed significantly worse on EBPM [(7.9 ± 3.4) vs. (13.7 ± 2.9)], TBPM [(6.9±3.6) vs. (13.0±3.2)], DS [sequence:(5.8±2.0) vs. (7.5±2.2);backward:(6.5±1.9) vs. (8.2±2.8)], IALM [(8.3±3.1) vs. (11.9 ± 2.5)], DALM [(7.4 ± 3.7) vs. (11.8 ± 2.6)], IVRM [(8.0 ± 2.7) vs. (11.2 ± 3.8)], and DVRM [(7.7 ± 3.5) vs. (10.8 ± 2.7)] scores than controls (P0.05). The performance of PM in chronic schizophrenia was significantly related to DS (sequence and backward), IALM, DALM and DVRM (P<0.05), but not IVRM (P=0.155). Conclusion:There are greater prospective memory deficits than retrospective memory deficits in chron?ic schizophrenia and the prospective memory deficits are correlated with the retrospective memory deficits in chronic schizophrenia.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the reliability and validity of the computerized Chinese version of Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT) for assessment of prospective memory (PM) in chronic schizophrenia patients. Methods 50 patients and 50 healthy controls formed the study sample. PM performance was measured with computerized C-CAMPROMPT, while the Wechsler Adult Memory Scale-Forth Edition (WMS-IV), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Category Fluency Test (CFT) were administered to assess logical memory (LM), visual representation (VR), executive function and processing speed. Results The test-retest reliability (0.981, P<0.001), split half reliability (0.627, P<0.001) and internal consistency reliability (0.742) of C-CAMPROMPT were satisfied. The scores of C-CAM-PROMPT and its subtest in schizophrenia were lower than that in healthy control (P<0.001). The performance of PM in patients with schizo-phrenia closely related to the scores of LM, VR, WCST-CC and CFT (r=0.34~0.89, P<0.05). The sensitivity (86%) and specificity (92%) of the scale were satisfied. Factor analysis extracted 2 factors. Conclusion The computerized C-CAMPROMPT shows a good reliability and validity for assessment of PM function in chronic schizophrenia, and is a sensitive, adaptable, stable instrument.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relationship between prospective memory (PM), retrospective memory (RM) and social function in old patients with schizophrenia. Methods 54 old patients with schizophrenia and 54 healthy controls were evaluated with logical memory (LM)IQ, LMIIQ of Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV), Chinese Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT), University of California at San Diego (UCSD) Performance-based Skills Assessment-brief (UPSA-B), and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Results The scores of LMIQ, LMIIQ, event-based prospective memory (EBPM), time-based prospective memory (TBPM), IQ, and UPSA-B were poorer in the patients than in the controls (P<0.001). The score of UPSA-B was positively correlat-ed with LMIQ (r=0.524, P<0.001), LMIIQ (r=0.427, P<0.001), EBPM (r=0.437, P<0.001), TBPM (r=0.479, P<0.001) and IQ (r=0.709, P<0.001). Linear regression analysis indicated that TBPM (β=0.811, P=0.007), IQ (β=0.610, P<0.001) were contributing factors for the score of UPSA-B. Conclusion Schizophrenics may complicate the impairment of PM and RM, and the former may be independent fluence to their social function.