ABSTRACT
Introduction: Reproductive health of adolescent girls is crucial in determining the health of future generations. Sexuallytransmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health problem not only in India but also all over the world. The World HealthOrganization estimates that 150–300 million new cases of curable STDs occur annually worldwide.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adolescent girls’ knowledge and attitude toward sexual practices andSTDs and HIV.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Jammu from July 2019 to September 2019. Thestudy included adolescent girls who have attended the Outpatient Department in SMGS Hospital for varied complaints andcollege-going adolescent girls from different colleges of Jammu region. A total of 1000 girls were included in the study.Results: About girls were aware of all the signs of adolescence. Majority (81%) had the idea about various aspects of sexeducation. Most (88%) of the girls wanted sex education to be included in the curriculum and 52% wanted it to be started at13–15 years of age. Emergency contraceptives were known only to 28%. STD awareness was present in only 34.6% of girls.About 95.6% had heard about HIV/AIDS, but only 32.1% knew about abbreviation of AIDS. Only 54% were aware of the rightlegal age of marriage for girls.Conclusion: Adolescents should be given education on sexual health in schools and colleges without disturbing the socioculturalnorms of the society. Preventions and precautionary measures regarding sexual health should be taught to the young generationto have a healthy nation.
ABSTRACT
We compared Transvaginal Sonography (TVS) with histopathological results of the dilatation and curettage biopsies in 50 women with postmenopausal bleeding attending Gynaecology out-patient department of SMGS hospital, Jammu. These women underwent TVS followed by histopathological examination of endometrium. Endometrial lesions detected by histopathology in these women were: hormonal effects (proliferative and secretary endometrium) in 5 (10%), endometrial polyps in 4 (8%), endometritis in 2 (4%), endometrial hyperplasia in 9 (18%) and endometrial carcinoma in 5 (10%). A total of 21 (42%) showed atrophic endometrium and in 4 (8%) women, sample was insufficient. On TVS, 24 (48%) women had endometrial thickness (ET) < 5 mm and 26 (52%) women had ET > 5 mm. At a cut-off limit of > 5 mm for endometrial thickness indicating pathologic endometrium, the sensitivity and specificity of TVS was 100% and 80% respectively and a predictive value as a positive test, as a negative test and accuracy was 76.9%, 100% and 89% respectively. This study shows that TVS allows detection of endometrial pathology in vast majority of women and it is relatively easy, cheap, non-invasive and does not require anesthesia. It can be used as the first diagnostic step in the investigations of women with postmenopausal bleeding.
ABSTRACT
Fetal Kidney Length (FKL) is most accurate single parameter for estimating GA than other biometric indices in late 2nd and 3rd trimester and could be easily incorporated into the models for estimating GA. We evaluated role of FKL in estimation of gestational age (GA) in late 2nd & 3rd trimester. A total of 98 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy underwent serial biometric & FKL measurements ultrasonographically at 24, 28, 32, 36 and 38 weeks of gestation. These measurements were used to date the pregnancies relative to dating by last menstrual period. Linear regression models for estimation of GA were derived from the biometric indices and FKL. New models were constructed by combining different biometric indices and kidney length in various combinations. Comparison of accuracy in prediction of GA was made between individual parameters and these models to obtain best individual parameter and the best model in prediction of gestational age. Left FKL was slightly, but significantly longer than right FKL at each gestational period observed in the study. Standard error of prediction of GA was least for FKL (±8.56 days), closely followed by femur length (±8.9 days) and maximum for abdominal circumference (±11.72 days). The best model in estimating GA included all the five variables (femur length, FKL, biparietal diameter, head and abdominal circumference) with a standard error of ±7.41 days. FKL is the most accurate single parameter for estimating GA than other biometric indices in late 2nd and 3rd trimester and could be easily incorporated into the models for estimating GA.