ABSTRACT
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition caused by the inability of pancreas to produce enough insulin. Insulin lowers the blood glucose and enables it to enter the cells. Urticaria also known as hives is a result of skin reaction when certain body cells release histamine. They are itchy and can appear in any part of the body. Metformin is the first line of treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus for controlling high blood sugar by decreasing glucose production by the liver and by increasing insulin sensitivity of body tissues. India is at the top of the world with highest number of people with diabetes mellitus (31.7 million). WHO has predicted that by 2030 T2DM may affect up to 79.4 million individuals in India.1Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by increased glucose productionand decreased glucose utilization and the complications arising from this disease are major causes of death worldwide. Cells of the body cannot metabolize carbohydrate due to relative or complete lack of insulin, and so the body breaks its own protein, fat and glycogen resulting in hyperglycemia.2,3 T2DM earlier referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult onset diabetes, accounts for 90 - 95 % of all diabetes.4 Metformin is an oral agent and is considered as insulin sensitizer because it helps in lowering insulin levels, reduces hepatic glucose production, improves peripheral glucose utilization, and helps in uptake and utilization of gut glucose.5Urticaria is caused by dermal oedema, secondary to temporary increase in capillary permeability resulting from increased release of histamine from the mast cells situated around the capillaries. Urticaria present for more than 6 weeks is considered to be acute and chronic.6
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes is a potent cardiovascular risk factor in the general population as well as in people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment. Previous observational studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the association between glycemic controls in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Studies provide evidence that very poor glycemic control is associated with higher mortality in dialysis patients. The significance of the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin in non-diabetic patients with renal disease receiving maintenance hemodialysis remains unclear at the present time. The knowledge of HbA1c in patients with renal diseases could be important in assessing the overall prognosis in such patients and it also has implications in the assessment of their glycaemic status and in preventing post-dialysis morbidity and mortality. Aims & Objective: (1) To study the role of HbA1c as a marker of glycemic status in patients of kidney disease with or without MHD. (2) To compare the utility of fasting glucose level and HbA1c in accessing glycemic status and their relationship. Material and Methods: Study was conducted in the AVBRH, Jawaharlal Nehru medical college, Sawangi (M) Wardha by department of Biochemistry in collaboration with Department of Medicine. 30 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and 30 patients of kidney diseases who are not undergoing MHD, has been taken from ABVRH Sawngi (Meghe). 30 age and sex matched healthy controls were also included in the study. 5.0 ml of blood has been collected from each subject after informed consent .Different parameters such as HbA1c, Fasting and random blood glucose, Urea creatinine, sodium potassium were evaluated in all the groups. Results: Study concluded that the HbA1c values in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis is found above the normal range (6.71 ± 0.99) as compared to the control group (4.38 ± 0.52) while the results of HbA1c in CKD patients not going through hemodialysis found to be within the normal range (4.93 ± 0.52) and less than the patients going through the hemodialysis (6.71 ± 0.99) but more than the control group (4.38 ± 0.52). Conclusion: In non-diabetic patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis HbA1c may be used as a marker of impaired glucose metabolism and glycemic control is necessary to prevent future complications in these patients. Secondly in CKD patients not undergoing hemodialysis HbA1c value are more than control though they are under normal limit but it should be strictly monitored.
ABSTRACT
Background: C-reactive protein is one of the most sensitive markers of systemic inflammation. Numerous studies have found that baseline levels of C-reactive protein are associated with risk of future myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and cardiovascular death amongst apparently healthy populations. Aims & Objective: To find the association of hs-CRP and diabetes mellitus in the population of our region. Material and Methods: hs-CRP level in cases of diabetes was compared with that of non-diabetic healthy controls in our rural based tertiary care hospital. The analysis was done with 50 diabetic and 50 non-diabetic individuals. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were studied to assess the association of hs-CRP with in diabetes mellitus. Results: Anthropometric parameters were found to be high in diabetic subjects compared with non-diabetic subjects. The high hs-CRP levels in diabetic subjects were also observed. Conclusion: Serum hs-CRP levels were positively related to anthropometric parameters. The relationship of hs-CRP with glycaemic control was studied with HbA1c, and it was positively correlated with hs-CRP. The results concluded that hs-CRP has strong association with diabetic individuals.