Continuously Progressive Abducens Palsy after Coil Embolization

Purpose@#To report a case of continuously progressive abducens palsy after transarterial coil embolization.Case summary: A 42-year-old male was referred to the clinic due to binocular horizontal diplopia. The patient had a history of left direct carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) after head trauma, and his ocular symptoms developed 15 months after coil embolization for CCF. Visual acuity and pupil reaction of both eyes were normal. The ocular motility examination showed 14 prism diopters (PD) of left esotropia in the primary gaze with abduction limitation; therefore, the patient was diagnosed with left abducens palsy. There was no evidence of fistula recanalization or new abnormal lesions in follow-up brain imaging. After strabismus was stabilized with 35 PD of esotropia, strabismus surgery including left medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus resection was performed, and ocular alignment was normalized in the primary position. However, 2 years after surgery, left abducens palsy recurred and abduction limitation worsened to -4 over 10 months. Finally, the patient underwent superior rectus transposition and medial rectus re-recession, which improved his ocular alignment at primary position. Binocular diplopia was resolved at primary position. @*Conclusions@#Late-onset abducens palsy can occur after coil embolization and is likely to continue to progress. Because spontaneous regression is rare in late-onset palsy compared with acute-onset palsy, surgery should be considered when the strabismus becomes stabilized.

Continuously Progressive Abducens Palsy after Coil Embolization

Purpose@#To report a case of continuously progressive abducens palsy after transarterial coil embolization.Case summary: A 42-year-old male was referred to the clinic due to binocular horizontal diplopia. The patient had a history of left direct carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) after head trauma, and his ocular symptoms developed 15 months after coil embolization for CCF. Visual acuity and pupil reaction of both eyes were normal. The ocular motility examination showed 14 prism diopters (PD) of left esotropia in the primary gaze with abduction limitation; therefore, the patient was diagnosed with left abducens palsy. There was no evidence of fistula recanalization or new abnormal lesions in follow-up brain imaging. After strabismus was stabilized with 35 PD of esotropia, strabismus surgery including left medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus resection was performed, and ocular alignment was normalized in the primary position. However, 2 years after surgery, left abducens palsy recurred and abduction limitation worsened to -4 over 10 months. Finally, the patient underwent superior rectus transposition and medial rectus re-recession, which improved his ocular alignment at primary position. Binocular diplopia was resolved at primary position. @*Conclusions@#Late-onset abducens palsy can occur after coil embolization and is likely to continue to progress. Because spontaneous regression is rare in late-onset palsy compared with acute-onset palsy, surgery should be considered when the strabismus becomes stabilized.

Surgical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Consecutive Exotropia

PURPOSE: In this study we evaluated the prognostic factors by comparing the clinical manifestation of consecutive exotropia after consecutive exotropia surgery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 65 patients who had surgery due to consecutive exotropia after esotropia surgery in Yeungnam University Medical Center between July 1988 and December 2013. The type of esotropia, age at diagnosis of esotropia, type of esotropia surgery, age at esotropia surgery, type of consecutive exotropia surgery, age at consecutive exotropia surgery, presence of adduction limitation, presence of amblyopia, and preoperative and postoperative angles of strabismus were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time after consecutive exotropia surgery was 5.1 +/- 5.2 years and 50 of 65 patients showed successful surgical outcomes at the last follow-up. Cumulative success rate of consecutive exotropia remained stable postoperatively in 68.2% of patients after 7.7 years. When comparing the success group and the recurrent group, the age at consecutive exotropia surgery was significantly younger and mean follow-up time was significantly longer in the recurrent group. The mean interval between consecutive exotropia surgery and recurrence of exotropia was 16.9 months in the recurrent group. The mean angle of strabismus at postoperative 1 week was significantly different between the 2 groups; 0.5 prism diopters (PD) esodeviation in the success group and 4.5 PD exodeviation in recurrent group. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of consecutive exotropia frequently developed with younger age at consecutive exotropia surgery and exodeviation at postoperative 1 week. Recurrent consecutive exotropia should be observed for an extended period, thus requiring periodic long-term postoperative follow-ups.

Clinical and Microbiological Analysis of Gram-Positive Bacterial Keratitis, a 15-Year Review

PURPOSE: To investigate the shifting trends of pathogenic organisms, antibiotic resistance, and clinical characteristics of patients with Gram-positive bacterial keratitis and to elucidate the prognostic factors. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 152 isolates in 146 eyes with Gram-positive bacterial keratitis between January 1998 and December 2012. The study was divided into 5 periods for analysis of the bacteriological profiles and in vitro antibiotic resistance. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics were compared according to bacterial isolates. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors. RESULTS: Gram-positive bacterial keratitis tended to decrease and significant change in the distribution of isolates was not observed. Commonly isolated organisms were S. epidermidis (48.7%), S. aureus (25.0%), and S. pneumoniae (7.2%) in order of frequency. The resistance to fluoroquinolone tended to increase (p = 0.104) and resistance to gentamicin was significantly decreased (p = 0.01). S. epidermidis had the shortest corneal epithelium healing time (p = 0.035) and the most favorable visual outcome after treatment (p = 0.035) compared with the other species. Risk factors for poor visual outcomes included a best corrected visual acuity less than 0.1 at initial evaluation and an epithelial healing time greater than 10 days. CONCLUSIONS: Gram-positive bacterial keratitis tended to decrease and S. epidermidis was the most common isolate. The clinical prognosis was most favorable in S. epidermidis. The BCVA less than 0.1 at initial evaluation was an important risk factor for poor visual outcome and surgical treatment in Gram-positive bacterial keratitis.

Effect of Solvent in Indocyanine Green-Assisted Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling During Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane Surgery

PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare the outcomes in idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery according to solvents of indocyanine green (ICG) for internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. METHODS: The medical records of 27 patients (27 eyes) with idiopathic ERM who had undergone pars plana vitrectomy with ICG staining for ILM peeling were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups according to solvents of 0.25% ICG solutions. Solvents used were balanced salt solution (BSS) in group I (15 eyes) and 5% glucose in group II (12 eyes). The severity of ERM, the duration of symptoms, the preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) values, the visibility of the stained ILM (Good, Fair, Poor), and the postoperative complications were compared in the two groups. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the severity of ERM, the duration of symptoms and the preoperative BCVA in the two groups. The postoperative BCVA was significantly improved in both groups, and the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.675). There was a significantly smaller number of eyes with poor ILM staining in group II than in group I (p = 0.014). No complications such as recurrence of ERM, atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or retinal detachment were observed in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The higher specific gravity of 5% glucose compared with that of BSS as ICG solvents allows for improved ILM visualization. Therefore using the 5% glucose-ICG solution for staining ILM improved the visibility of ILM compared BSS-ICG solution and led to comparable visual recovery.