Importancia de la acreditación internacional de facultades de medicina

A partir de 2024, egresados de facultades de medicina que deseen hacer estudios de postgrado en los EE.UU o el Canadá, deberán graduarse en escuelas de medicina con programas educativos de calidad avalados por agencias reconocidas capaces de otorgar una acreditación internacional. La World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) es una de estas agencias. La WFME aceptó la nueva política de acreditación del Educational Committee for Foreign Medical Education (ECFMG) por la que médicos que postulen para la certificación del ECFMG del 2024 en adelante, tendrán que haberse graduado en un centro universitario de medicina acreditado por una agencia de aseguramiento de calidad que se encuentre reconocida por la WFME. El COMAEM (Consejo Mexicano para la Acreditación de la Educación Médica) está avalado por la WFME y otros organismos internacionales que aseguran la calidad de la educación superior. La acreditación que concede el COMAEM es un reconocimiento que el programa de medicina cumple con los criterios, indicadores y parámetros de calidad establecidos por este organismo. A partir de 2024, los egresados de un programa acreditado podrán postular para la certificación del ECFMG a través del examen de licencia médica de los Estados Unidos o USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination) y así poder hacer una residencia de especialización o trabajar en EE. UU. En el Perú, solo la Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia ha completado el proceso de acreditación internacional a través de COMAEM y ha recibido dicha acreditación.

As of 2024, medical school graduates who wish to pursue graduate studies in the U.S. or in Canada, they must have graduated from medical schools with quality educational programs endorsed by recognized agencies, capable of granting international accreditation. The World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) is one of these agencies. The WFME accepted the new accreditation policy of the Educational Committee for Foreign Medical Education (ECFMG) whereby physicians applying for ECFMG certification from 2024 onwards, must have graduated from a university medical center accredited by a quality assurance agency that is recognized by the WFME. The COMAEM (Mexican Council for the Accreditation of Medical Education) is endorsed by the WFME and other international organizations that ensure the quality of higher education. The accreditation granted by COMAEM is a recognition that the medical program meets the criteria, indicators and quality parameters established by this organization. Starting in 2024, graduates of an accredited program will be able to apply for ECFMG certification through the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and thus be able to do a specialty residency or work in the U.S. In Peru, only the Alberto Hurtado School of Medicine of the Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University has completed the international accreditation process through COMAEM and has received such accreditation.

Generalized granuloma annulare after pneumococcal vaccination

Abstract Granuloma annulare may be caused by multiple triggers. Among these are vaccinations, which have been described as an infrequent cause of granuloma annulare. The authors report the first case of generalized granuloma annulare associated with pneumococcal vaccination in a 57-year-old woman, who presented cutaneous lesions 12 days after vaccination.

Cost and Safety Evaluation of Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty versus Unilateral Knee / Avaliação de custo e segurança da Artroplastia Total do Joelho Bilateral Simultânea versus Unilateral

Abstract Objective To measure the cost of simultaneous total knee arthroplasty, as well as the costs of total and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, perioperative complications and need for blood transfusion compared to the costs of unilateral procedure in a referral hospital, in Federal District, Brazil. Method The present article is a retrospective study analyzing the medical records of patients admitted for unilateral or bilateral total knee arthroplasty, performed between June 2011 and March 2017. Seventy-four medical records were included in the study for evaluation of data such as total cost of the procedure, comorbidities, complications, days of hospitalization, and need for blood transfusion. Results A significantly higher incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was found in unilateral procedures. Compared to the other data, no statistically significant differences were found in the relative costs or in the need for blood transfusion. Conclusion There was no increase in the cost or in complications when comparing the simultaneous bilateral knee joint replacement procedure with the unilateral procedure, which corroborates most of the literature.

Resumo Objetivo Medir o custo das artroplastias totais de joelho simultâneas, assim como o tempo de internação total e em unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI), complicações perioperatórias e necessidade de hemotransfusão comparativamente ao procedimento unilateral, num hospital de referência, no Distrito Federal, Brasil. Método O presente artigo trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de análise dos prontuários de pacientes admitidos para a realização de artroplastia total de joelho uni ou bilateral realizadas entre junho de 2011 e março de 2017. Foram incluídos para o estudo 74 prontuários de pacientes para avaliação de dados como custo total do procedimento, comorbidades, complicações, dias de internação e necessidade de hemotransfusão. Resultados Uma incidência significativamente maior de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) foi encontrada nos procedimentos unilaterais. Em relação aos outros dados não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos custos relativos, nem na necessidade de hemotransfusão. Conclusão Não houve aumento nos custos nem nas complicações do procedimento de substituição articular bilateral do joelho num mesmo momento em relação ao procedimento unilateral, corroborando com a maioria da literatura.

Oral Candidiasis Prevalence in HIV Patients in the City of Nova Iguaçu, Province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a pandemic disease which causes a change in the immune system, mainly with a decrease in CD4 lymphocytes. This circumstance facilitates the appearance of opportunistic infections and the development of neoplastic processes that may lead the patient to a clinical state known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and death. The objective of this research is to identify species of the genus Candida of patients with AIDS and affected by lesions in the oral cavity and hospitalized in the Nova Iguaçu General Hospital. Methods: 39 samples of oral lesions were collected and examined in the mycology laboratory of the Army Biology Institute (IBEx) through mycological procedures. All of the 39 samples were positive for species of the genus Candida. Results: C. albicans was the most frequent (74%), followed by C. tropicalis (15%), C. glabrata (8%) and C. lambica (3%). The most frequent clinical presentation was the pseudomembranous form, with 24 cases (61.54%), followed by erythematous (25.64%) and chronic multifocal form (12.82%). One of the patients presented the membranous clinical form with association of C. albicans and Histoplasma capsulatum. Oral candidiasis is one of the most serious health problems among immunocompromised people. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of the HIV infection and adequate treatment are essential to prevent opportunistic infections.

Factores asociados al colgajo posicionado coronal de uno o dos dientes. Revisión de la literatura. / Factors associated with the coronally positioned flap of one or two teeth. A literature review.

Introducción: las recesiones del tejido marginal presentan problemas estéticos, sensibilidad dental, caries radicular y dificultad para hacer una adecuada higiene oral. Existen diversas técnicas de cirugía plástica periodontal para el cubrimiento radicular. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es evaluar los factores asociados a la técnica de colgajo posicionado coronal para el cubrimiento de recesiones gingivales, teniendo en cuenta que hay diferentes variables que pueden intervenir en el cubrimiento completo de la superficie radicular. Métodos: revisión de literatura sobre la técnica de colgajo posicionado coronal para cubrimiento de recesiones tipo I y II de Miller de uno o dos dientes. Se tomaron artículos desde el año 2000 al 2012, buscados en las bases de datos PubMed, Ebsco y Cochrane, de estudios hechos en humanos de tipo longitudinales, transversales, de cohorte, ensayos clínicos y meta análisis. Resultados y conclusiones: la altura de la papila interdental, el ancho de encía queratinizada y el espesor gingival son factores de pronóstico para el cubrimiento total radicular y su estabilidad a largo plazo. La integridad de la unión amelocementaria es importante para el diagnóstico y el éxito de la técnica, además, un pre-requisito es la modificación de la superficie radicular con técnicas mecánicas y/o químicas. La técnica de colgajo avanzado coronal combinada con tejido conectivo, matriz derivada del esmalte, colágeno porcino o matriz dérmica, son efectivas para el tratamiento de las retracciones gingivales tipo I y II de Miller, pero la de mayor predictibilidad es la técnica bilaminar con tejido conectivo.

Introduction: marginal tissue recessions produce esthetic problems, tooth sensitivity, root caries, and difficulty to perform proper oral hygiene. There are various periodontal plastic surgery techniques for root coverage. The goal of this literature review is to assess factors associated with the coronally positioned flap technique to cover gingival recessions, bearing in mind that several variables can intervene in the complete coverage of root surface. Methods: this was a literature review on the coronally positioned flap technique for coverage of Miller class I and class II recessions of one or two teeth. It included articles published between 2000 and 2012 by searching the PubMed, Ebsco, and Cochrane databases for studies performed in humans, including longitudinal, transverse, and cohort studies, as well as clinical trials and meta-analyses. Results and conclusions: interdental papilla height, keratinized gingiva width, and gingival thickness are prognostic factors for total root coverage and its long-term stability. Integrity of the cemento-enamel junction is important in diagnosis and success of the technique; moreover, modification of root surface with technical and/or chemical mechanisms is a prerequisite. The coronally advanced flap technique combined with connective tissue, enamel matrix derivative, porcine collagen, or dermal matrix is effective in the treatment of Miller class I and class II gingival recessions, but the one with the greatest predictability is the bilaminar technique with connective tissue.

Aspergilosis diseminada: hallazgos postmortem en un caso de sepsis materna. ¿Es el embarazo un estado de inmunosupresión? / Disseminated aspergillosis: postmortem findings in a case of maternal sepsis

Se comunica un caso de muerte materno-fetal con diagnóstico de aspergilosis diseminada concluido a través del estudio de autopsia. Caso: Mujer de 20 años de edad con antecedente de preeclampsia quien en su segundo embarazo inició con dolor obstétrico asociado a fiebre y ataque al estado general. El trabajo de parto concluyó con la expulsión de un feto óbito macerado y placenta fétida, hipotonía uterina e inestabilidad hemodinámica. Fue referida a segundo nivel, cursaba con fiebre persistente, foco séptico pélvico, trastornos de la ventilación, evidencia de lesiones encefálicas por tomografía, sangrado de tubo digestivo, oliguria, datos de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y necrosis bilateral de miembros inferiores. Falleció a los 10 días de haber sido internada. Resultados: En el examen necrológico, la División de Anatomía Patológica halló pulmones con áreas extensas de consolidación y hemorragia, corazón con vegetaciones valvulares y murales, así como cerebro con múltiples lesiones similares a infarto. La microscopía de luz reveló la presencia de hifas septadas ramificadas en ángulos de 45° que transgredían el lumen de arterias en pulmón, asentadas sobre la superficie endocárdica e invadían el miocardio, el espacio subaracnoideo y neurópilo. Dichas hifas también se identificaron en los cortes histológicos de tiroides, tráquea, estómago y riñón. Conclusión: La aspergilosis diseminada es una entidad de elevada letalidad que usualmente afecta a pacientes inmunocomprometidos, específicamente a quienes cursan con neutropenia. Si bien durante el embarazo el sistema inmune experimenta determinadas adaptaciones fisiológicas, éstas no predisponen per se al desarrollo de infecciones oportunistas.

We describe autopsy findings in a case of maternal death caused by invasive aspergillosis in its disseminated form. Case: 20 year old female with previous medical history of preeclampsia who started with malaise, pelvic pain and fever during her second pregnancy. A fetal obitus was obtained after labor although she remained with uterine hypotony and hemodynamic unsteadiness. She was referred to a general hospital subsisting with fever, acute pelvic sepsis, deteriorated ventilatory function, cerebral lesions visualized by tomography, gastrointestinal bleeding, oliguria and systemic inflammatory response with bilateral acral lower extremities necrosis. She died ten days after her arrival and autopsy was authorized. Results: Necropsy uncovered lungs with consolidated areas and extensive haemorrhage, valvular and mural heart vegetations and numerous cerebral lesions with infarct-like appeareance. Light microscopy revealed the presence of septate hyphae with regular acute angle branching invading lung microvasculature, endocardial surface, myocardium, Virchow-Robin space and neuropil. The hyphae were also identified in thyroid, trachea, gastric mucosa and kidney histological sections. Conclusion: Disseminated aspergillosis is a high-mortality infectious process that usually affects immunocompromised patients, specially those coursing with neutropenia. Despite immunological changes experienced as part of normal pregnancy, these per se do not predispose the mother to infections caused by opportunistic pathogens.

Heterotopia pancreática yeyuna yuxtahepática y en quiste de conducto colédoco / Jejunal juxtahepatic and common bile duct (ductus choledochus) cystic pancreatic heterotopia

Se exponen 3 casos con hallazgo incidental de páncreas heterotópico, en autopsia y 2 piezas quirúrgicas para hacer una breve revisión del tema. Casos: 1. Mujer de 53 años de edad fallecida por neumonía de focos múltiples. Durante el estudio post mortem se encontró, a nivel del segmento yeyunal, un nódulo constituido histológicamente por múltiples conductos con epitelio columnar y fibras anchas desorganizadas de músculo liso. 2. Preescolar varón de 2 años 11 meses de edad con diagnóstico de quiste de colédoco y resección del mismo. En uno de los cortes de pared se observó una banda de tejido que a la microscopía de luz correspondía a tejido pancreático sin alteraciones. 3. Escolar mujer de 6 años 10 meses de edad con diagnóstico de síndrome de Byler candidata a transplante hepático. Los cortes histológicos del explante en la región del hilio revelaron grupos multifocales de conductos y acinos pancreáticos sin presencia de islotes. Conclusión: La heterotopia pancreática es un hallazgo infrecuente que se puede observar a cualquier nivel del tracto gastrointestinal e inclusive fuera del mismo, por lo que la caracterización histopatológica de esta alteración permite distinguirla de otras lesiones. Pese a su conducta habitualmente benigna y asintomática, ocasionalmente puede dar origen a cuadros obstructivos, hemorrágicos, inflamatorios o neoplásicos.

We report three cases of pancreatic heterotopia incidentally found (one in autopsy and two in surgical pieces) with a brief review of the literature. Cases: 1. A fifty-three-year-old woman who died of bronchopneumonia. During post-mortem examination, a nodule (hystologically formed by multiple ducts lined by columnar epithelium and broad disarranged smooth muscle fibers) was found at the level of jejune. 2. 5-year, 11-month-old male with diagnosis ofcholedochal cyst. In the resected specimen, one of the mural slices showed a tissue stripe that under light-microscope examination corresponded to normal pancreatic tissue. 3. 6-year, 10-month-old female diagnosed with Byler syndrome who was recipient of liver transplant. Slices taken from the hilum in the resected specimen revealed multiple clusters of pancreatic acini and ducts without evidence of endocrine islets. Conclusion: Pancreatic heterotopia is an uncommon finding, which may be found at any level of the gastrointestinal tract, and even outside it. Histopathologic studies allow to distinguish this disorder from other lesions. Despite its commonly benign and asymptomatic behaviour, it may sometimes produce obstruction, hemorrhage, inflammation or neoplasms.

Heterotopia gástrica como causa de sangrado del tubo digestivo bajo / Gastric heterotopia as a cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Se comunica un caso de heterotopia gástrica en rectosigmoides con sangrado rectal como manifestación clínica, por lo que se efectuó la revisión bibliográfica del tema. Caso: Varón de 21 años de edad con rectorragia de una semana de evolución. Durante el estudio del caso se tomaron biopsias de lesiones ulceradas en mucosa rectal, que fueron enviadas para su estudio histopatológico. Resultados: En la muestra recibida se observaron fragmentos entremezclados de mucosa de colon y mucosa gástrica de tipo oxíntico (fúndica) cuyos adenómeros se hallaban en estrecha relación con las criptas de Lieberkühn. Conclusión: La heterotopia gástrica es un hallazgo infrecuente, más aún cuando se observa en segmentos muy apartados en el colon distal. Suele acarrear un curso indolente y benigno, sin embargo, en ocasiones conlleva ciertas malformaciones asociadas o complicaciones derivadas de la misma actividad secretora fisiológica del tejido ectópico. Raramente puede experimentar malignización.

We report a case of gastric heterotopia in the rectum and sigmoid colon clinically presented as rectal bleeding; a review of the literature on the topic is also presented. Case: Twenty-one-year-old male who had experienced rectal bleeding for one week. biopsies from ulcerated lesions in the rectum were taken and sent forward for histopathological assessment. Results: In the sample received, fragments of colon mucosa and oxyntic (fundus) gastric mucosa, which adenomeres were closely related to the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Conclusion: Gastric heterotopia is an unusual finding, even less common when it is located in distant segments of the distal colon. Although usually being a condition with an indolent and benign evolution, it may also produce certain malformations o complications, consequence of the same secretory activity of the ectopic tissue. It rarely becomes a malignant disease.

Púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica: Informe de un caso y revisión de la fisiopatología / Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A case and review of its physiopathology

Se informa un caso compatible con púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica así como los hallazgos de autopsia con una breve revisión de la literatura. Paciente de 19 años de edad con antecedente de HELLP en su primer embarazo, que cursó con alteraciones neurológicas, trombocitopenia y anemia hemolítica. Falleció a 15 días después de su hospitalización. El estudio posmortem reveló numerosos trombos en los vasos de pequeño calibre de diversos órganos. La púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica es un padecimiento raro cuya expresión morfológica es la formación de microtrombos que obliteran el lecho capilar de diversas estructuras vitales. Moschcowitz fue el primero en informar el hallazgo de múltiples trombos hialinos en los vasos de pequeño calibre en una autopsia parcial. Se consideró la posible existencia de "un veneno con capacidad trombótica y aglutinante", que más tarde se identificó como polímeros ultralargos del factor de Von Willebrand cuya persistencia se debe a la carencia de la metaloproteinasa ADAMTS13.

We report a case compatible with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, autopsy findings and make a brief review of the literature. 19 year old woman with HELLP syndrome in her previous pregnancy who presented with neurological signs, thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic haemolytic anemia until her pass away fifteen days after being admitted to the hospital. Autopsy findings showed multiple thrombi in small sized vessels of several organs. Thrombotic thrombocitopenic purpura is a rare disease with a morphological expression featured of many microthrombi in the terminal arterioles of several vital structures. Moschcowitz was the first to inform multiple hyaline thrombi as the primordial finding of a partial autopsy case. He proposed that "a powerful poison with both agglutinative and hemolytic properties" was the causative agent but it was identified years later as unusually large fragments of Von Willebrand factor caused by a deficiency of ADAMTS13, a newly discovered metalloproteinase.

Fiebre entérica en fase de fastigium: notas epicríticas acerca de un caso de autopsia / Enteric fever in fastigium phase; epicritic notes on a necropsy case

La fiebre tifoidea es una enfermedad sistémica de etiología infecciosa ocasionada por el bacilo gramnegativo Salmonella typhi. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 19 años quien comenzó con fiebre, dolor abdominal y diarrea; posteriormente cursó con insuficiencia hepática, necrosis tubular aguda, rabdomiolisis y trombocitopenia. Falleció a los 3 días del ingreso hospitalario. Los hallazgos de autopsia fueron: ulceración de placas de Peyer, inflamación y necrosis de ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos, úlceras puntiformes en colon, hepatización pulmonar, congestión hepática, esplénica y renal, así como hemorragias maculares en mesencéfalo y puente. Los cortes histológicos evidenciaron grupos de macrófagos alrededor de focos de necrosis (nódulos tifoideos) en diversas localizaciones: aracnoides, parénquima cerebral, pulmón, hígado, bazo, riñón y médula ósea. Estos hallazgos permitieron concluir el diagnóstico de fiebre tifoidea en fase de fastigium. La fiebre tifoidea presenta 5 fases cuya expresión morfológica es resultado de una serie de interacciones entre Salmonella typhi y el sistema fagocítico mononuclear del hospedero.

Typhoid fever is a multisystemic disease of infectious etiology with the gramnegative rod Salmonella typhi as its causative agent. We present the case of a 19 year old woman who started with fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhea progressing to hepatic insufficiency, acute tubular necrosis, rhabdomyolysis and thrombocytopenia dying three days after hospital admission. Autopsy findings were as follows: Peyer's patches ulcers, necrosis and inflammation of mesenteric lymph nodes, dotted ulcers in colon, lung hepatisation, hepatic, splenic and renal congestion, as well as purpuric lesions in mesencephalon and pons. Microscopic examination revealed macrophage clusters surrounding spots of necrosis (typhoid nodules) in the next locations: arachnoid mater, brain parenchyma, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and bone marrow. These findings supported a diagnosis of typhoid fever at fastigum stage. Typhoid fever goes through 5 consecutive stages whose morphological expression is product of several interactions between Salmonella typhi and the mononuclear phagocyte system of its host.

Influência do estresse esportivo na inflamação gengival / The influence of physical stress on gingival inflammation

Objetivo: O estudo propõe avaliar a relação potencial entre o estresse desportivo, medido pelos níveis decortisol salivar, e a doença periodontal, e comparar em praticantes de natação, em percurso de alta competição,o status periodontal com indivíduos da mesma faixa etária não atletas. Materiais e métodos: Foramrealizadas duas coletas de saliva (matinal e vespertina) em 58 atletas e 47 não atletas para quantificaçãodo cortisol salivar determinado por rádio-imunoensaio e expressa em nmol/L. Em cada participante, foiavaliada a hemorragia gengival pelo Gingival Bleeding Index (Ainamo & Bay) e foram quantificados os níveisde placa pelo método de O´Leary, Drake & Naylor, com base em quatro pontos por dente (mesial, distal,vestibular, lingual/palatino). Resultados: Foi realizada uma análise bivariada para determinar potenciaisassociações entre variáveis e diferenças entre grupos. Conclusão: Em relação ao controle, os praticantes denatação em percurso de alta competição apresentam níveis de cortisol e inflamação gengival mais elevadose níveis de placa semelhantes. Assim, existe a necessidade de adoção de cuidados preventivos orientadospara a gengivite nos indivíduos que, pelas suas ocupações, estão sujeitos a níveis elevados de cortisol.

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the potential link between sports stress, measured by salivary cortisollevels, and periodontal disease, and compare the periodontal status of swimmers in the route of high competitionwith same-age individuals who are non-athletes. Materials and methods: 58 athletes and 47 non-athleteswere evaluated. Two samples of saliva were taken (morning and evening) for quantification of the levels of cortisolwhich were determined by radio-immunoassay and expressed in nmol/L. The Gingival Bleeding Index byAinamo & Bay and the levels of plaque determined by the O´Leary, Drake & Naylor method were both measuredon four points per tooth (mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal) in each participant. Results: We performed abivariation analysis to determine potential associations between variables and differences between groups.Conclusion: Swimmers of high competition level show greater levels of cortisol and higher gingival inflammation,with plaque levels similar to control, than non-swimmers. On this way, there is a need for the adoption ofpreventive care towards gingivitis in individuals subject to high levels of cortisol by their occupations.

Actividad quirúrgica en el servicio de mastología del Centro Nacional de Oncología de Luanda (2007) / Surgical activity in the mastology service of the National Center of Oncology, Luanda, Angola (2007)

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las enfermedades mamarias son un problema de salud también en los países subdesarrollados. Ello motivó la creación del Servicio de Mastología en el Centro Nacional de Oncología de Luanda (Angola), en el año 2007. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo describir la actividad quirúrgica de este centro durante el año 2007. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo que incluyó a los 183 pacientes sometidos a algún tipo de cirugía mamaria en el Servicio de Mastología en el Centro Nacional de Oncología de Luanda durante ese período. Los datos fueron recogidos en un formulario confeccionado por los autores y se procesaron mediante el programa estadístico SPSS (versión 13.0). La información fue resumida en frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. RESULTADOS. En los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente predominaron las enfermedades benignas sobre las malignas, con alta incidencia de fibroadenomas gigantes. La tumorectomía fue el tipo de cirugía más empleada en las enfermedades benignas, acompañadas de técnicas de cirugía plástica en pacientes con fibroadenoma gigante. Todos los pacientes con tumores malignos requirieron cirugías radicales en correspondencia con la estadificación tardía que predominó en esta serie de casos. El índice de complicaciones quirúrgicas fue bajo. Las enfermedades de la mama constituyen un problema de salud en la población estudiada. El diagnóstico tardío de tumores en etapas avanzadas determina el tratamiento quirúrgico radical sobre el conservador(AU)

INTRODUCTION. Breast diseases are also a health problem in developing countries. Hence, the creation of the Mastology Service in the National Center of Oncology of Luanda, Angola in 2007. The aim of present paper was to describe the surgical activity of this institution during 2007. METHODS. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted including 183 patients undergoing some type of breast surgery in above mentioned Service during that period. Data were registered in a form designed by authors and processed using the SPSS statistical program (version 13.0). Information was summarized in absolute frequencies and percentages. RESULTS. In patients operated on there was predominance of benign diseases and plastic surgery techniques in those patients presenting with giant fibroadenoma. All patients with malignant tumors underwent radical surgeries according the late staging present in this series of cases. The rate of surgical complications was low. NS. Breast diseases are a health problem in study population. Late diagnosis of tumors in advanced stages determines the radical surgical treatment above the conservative one(AU)

Más allá de la relación terapéutica: un recorrido histórico y teórico / Beyond the therapeutic relationship: a historical and theorical overview / Além da relação terapêutica: um percurso histórico e teórico

La relación entre terapeuta y consultante ha sido de gran interés en diversas escuelas de terapia. Comienza con los estudios de Freud sobre trasferencia y contratransferencia, continúa con las terapias modernas y con lo que en este texto se ha definido como terapias posmodernas. Cada uno de estos enfoques enfatiza algunos aspectos de la relación, de acuerdo con su postura epistemológica. El propósito de este artículo es clarificar las concepciones que distintos enfoques tienen acerca de la relación entre terapeuta y consultante; aquello que algunos llamarán relación terapéutica y otros, relación en un contexto terapéutico. Para lograr este propósito comenzará por describir el abordaje que las terapias modernas hacen acerca de dicha relación; luego se considerará la comprensión que, tanto la terapia familiar como algunas terapias posmodernas tienen acerca de la relación entre terapeuta y consultante; finalmente se presentan algunas diferencias y similitudes entre los distintos enfoques en cuanto a la concepción de dicho constructo. Se concluye que la relación terapéutica es una construcción social que se transforma constantemente en el quehacer del terapeuta, que está ubicada en un contexto histórico y social y que responde a las necesidades y condiciones del momento.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between therapist and client from different therapeutic approaches. The study of the therapeutic relationship begins with Freud's studies about transference and counter transference. It continues with modern therapies and finishes with what has been called postmodern therapies. This paper aims at clarifying each orientation's conception of the therapeutic relationship. In order to achieve this purpose, it starts by describing such therapies' approach of the therapeutic relationship. It goes then to examine the family therapies' and the postmodern therapies' understanding about the relationship between therapist and client. Finally, some differences and similarities between the various approaches are discussed in terms of their conception of that construct. The study concludes that the therapeutic relationship is a social construction in constant transformation throughout the therapeutic experience, which is also determined by other disciplines and located in a social and historical context. Each therapeutic approach emphasizes different aspects of the relationship between therapist and client depending on their epistemological background.

A relação entre o terapeuta e o consulente tem sido de grande interesse em várias escolas de terapia. Começando com os estudos de Freud sobre transferência e contratransferência, continua com terapias modernas e com o que neste texto foi definido como terapias pós-modernas. Cada uma dessas abordagens destaca alguns aspectos da relação, de acordo com sua postura epistemológica. O objetivo deste trabalho é esclarecer os conceitos que têm abordagens diferentes sobre a relação entre o terapeuta e o consulente: o que alguns chamam relação terapêutica e outros, relação em um contexto terapêutico. Neste artigo, se começará por descrever a abordagem das terapias modernas sobre essa relação; depois se considerará o entendimento da terapia de família e de algumas terapias pós-modernas sobre essa relação e, finalmente, apresentam-se algumas diferenças e semelhanças entre diferentes abordagens para a concepção do construto. Nós concluímos que a relação terapêutica é uma construção social que está em constante transformação no trabalho do terapeuta, que está localizado em um contexto histórico e social e responde às necessidades e condições do momento.

Recurrent intracranial hemangiopericytoma with multiple bone metastases: case report

Meningeal hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor with an uncommon location in the central nervous system. We report a case with multiple brain recurrences and bone metastases. A better tumor control was obtained with the combination of surgery, radiotherapy, radiosurgery and chemotherapy. Despite the tumor native tendency to recur several times, the treatments were effective, offering a long and comfortable survival.

Radiocirurgia estereotáxica com acelerador linear para tratamento da malformação arteriovenosa cerebral / Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations using a standard linear accelerator

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de tratamento comradiocirurgia estereotáxica (RCE) em 12 pacientes portadoresde malformação arteriovenosa cerebral (MAV), com o uso deacelerador linear (LINAC) de 6 Mev de energia e os principaisefeitos colaterais agudos do tratamento. A taxa de respostacompleta foi de 83%, com efeitos colaterais agudos em 50% enenhum efeito colateral tardio, mostrando-se como alternativa,segura e eficaz, para o tratamento desta afecção.

Resistencia comprensiva de premolares obturados / Compressive resistance of restored bicuspids

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo comparativo, de diseño experimental. Su objetivo principal fue medir la resistencia a la fractura de premolares con preparación MOD y restauración onlay, inlay, resina y amalgama al ser sometidos a una fuerza compresiva. Se realizó un muestreo intencional de 48 premolares (24 superiores y 24 inferiores) que fueron divididos en 4 grupos de 12 así: grupo I (restaurados con onlay metálica), grupo II (restaurados con onlay metálica), grupo III (restaurados con resina), grupo IV (restaurados con amalgama). Se tomó en cuenta el tipo de restauración y su correspondiente resistencia comprensiva. El estudio concluyó que los premolars superiores e inferiores con onlay presentaron mayor resistencia compresiva, seguidos en orden descendente de los premolares inferiores con inlay, superiores con resina, inferiores con resina, inferiores con amalgama, superiores con inlay y,por último, superiores con amalgama.