ABSTRACT
Depression causes mental and physical changes which affect quality of life. It is estimated to become the second most prevalent disease, but despite its commonness, the pathophysiology of depression remains unclear and medicine is not sufficiently protective. p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) is a dietary phenolic acid which has been proven to have antifungal, anti-HIV, anti-melanogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Considering these effects, we investigated whether p-CA can prevent depressive symptoms by reducing inflammatory cytokines in animals injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Changes in despair-related behaviors, inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic factors and synaptic activity were measured. In these animals, p-CA improved despair-related behavioral symptoms induced by LPS in the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and sucrose splash test (SST). p-CA also prevented the increase of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus such as cycloxigenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α due to LPS. Similarly, it prevented the reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by LPS. Electrophysiologically, p-CA blocked the reduction of long-term depression in LPS-treated organotypic tissue slices. In conclusion, p-CA prevented LPS-induced depressive symptoms in animals, as determined by behavioral, biochemical and electrophysiological measures. These findings suggest the potential use of p-CA as a preventive and therapeutic medicine for depression.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Behavioral Symptoms , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor , Cytokines , Depression , Hindlimb Suspension , Hippocampus , Necrosis , Nerve Growth Factors , Phenol , Quality of Life , SucroseABSTRACT
We report here on a case of Achilles tendon rupture associated with ipsilateral bimalleolar fracture that was caused by ski injury. The association of an ankle fracture with rupture of the Achilles tendon is even more infrequent, although both injuries alone are extremely common. We treated as a operation of Achilles tendon repair with Krackow method and open reduction with Tension-band wiring technique for bimalleolar fracture.