ABSTRACT
Twenty one flavonoid glycosides were isolated and purified from n-butanol portion of the water extract of A. annua by various chromatographic techniques such as HP-20 macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified by analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data, and determined as axillarin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), orientin (2), apigenin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-β-L-arabinopyranoside (3), apigenin-6-C-β-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-β-L-arabinopyranoside (4), apigenin-6-C-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), apigenin-6-C-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), apigenin-6-C-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), vicenin-2 (9), patuletin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), luteolin-6-C-glucopyranoside (11), vitexin (12), kaempferol-3-O-β-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-glucopyranoside (13), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14), patuletin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (15), 7-O-methyl-quercetagetin-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (16), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), nepitrin (18), rutin (19), kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside (20), and patuletin-3-O-rutinoside (21). Compound 1 is a new compound, compounds 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20 and 21 are isolated from A. annua for the first time. In the anti-inflammatory assay, compound 1 inhibited the release of IL-6 from LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells to significantly degrees with the high (100 μmol·L-1), medium (50 μmol·L-1), low (25 μmol·L-1) concentration.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the status of adolescents'empathy and its related factors.Methods:Totally 1460 students from part of middle schools and vocational schools in Huainan City and Wenzhou City were surveyed,1159 (613 males,546 females) valid samples obtained.Subjects'empathy,family function and class environment were separately assessed with Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C(IRI-C),Family Assessment Device(FAD) and the questionnaire of My Class.Results:IRI-C scores were higher in gifts than in boys [total empathy,(55-± 12) vs.(51 ± 11),P ＜ 0.05].Vocational school students' IRI-C scores were lower than junior school students' [total empathy,(50 ± 11) vs.(54 ± 11),P ＜ 0.001],and lower than high school students' [total empathy,(50 ± 11) vs.(54 ± 11),P ＜ 0.05].Competition scores and classmates scores were positively associated with emotional empathy scores (β =0.11,0.13,P ＜ 0.001).The role scores were positively associated with the scores of emotional empathy(β =0.14,P ＜ 0.001).Problem solving scores were negatively associated with cognitive empathy and total empathy scores (β =-0.22,-5.20,P ＜ 0.001).Classmates scores were positively associated with cognitive empathy and total empathy scores (β =0.18,5.76,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion:It suggests that girls' empathy may be better than boys'.Vocational school students'empathy may be worse than junior school students'and high school students Good relationship with classmates,efficient solutions to the problems and moderate competition may be favorable factors for adolescents' empathy.