ABSTRACT
Farnesol X receptor (FXR), also known as bile acid nuclear receptor, is a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor distributed in multiple tissues and organs such as liver and intestinal tract. And bile acid is its endogenous natural ligand. Recent studies have shown that intestinal FXR plays an indispensable role in glycolipid metabolism regulation, and intestinal specific FXR agonists or antagonists can participate in glucose and lipid metabolism regulation in vivo. In this paper, the role of intestinal FXR in glycolipid metabolism reported in recent years is systematically reviewed.
ABSTRACT
Under plateau environment, inadequate oxygen makes people breathe less oxygen, reducing the level of oxygen metabolism and energy supply in the body. Subsequently, the peripheral circulation, the contractile efficiency of myocardial cells, the pump of blood stream, the flow rate of blood in various tissues, and the excretion rate of waste in the body could be greatly reduced, which are key reasons for causing plateau disease. Due to the reason that many metabolic pathways are affected in vivo, the level of endogenous small molecular metabolites can also be changed greatly. Therefore, metabolomics has been gradually applied to the study of plateau diseases, pathogenesis and even pharmacodynamics. This article summarizes the pathogenesis of plateau hypoxia and metabolomics of the associated therapeutic agents based on the preclinical and clinical research reviewed from the altitude sickness-associated metabolic research literature at home and abroad. Previous studies have confirmed that the endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways altered significantly under plateau hypoxia, and some drugs showed a certain regulatory effect on the pathway metabolism. Moreover, the article summarizes the problems existing in the application of metabolomics in plateau hypoxia disease and the prospect of its future application. It was suggested that metabolomics was a promising tool for the study on the mechanism and the primary assessment of candidate drugs for plateau disease.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To simulate the chemical microenvironment of injured brain tissue, and to explore the effect of this chemical microenvironment on temperature sensitive umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (tsUC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were made by fluid percussion injury, and then the brain tissue extracts of the injured regions were acquired. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC) were isolated and cultured, and the tsUC were obtained through the infection of temperature-sensitive Simian 40 Large T- antigen (ts-SV40LT) retrovirus. After that, both the two kinds of cells were cultured on the polyacrylamide gels which mimicking the elastic modulus of brain. Four groups were included: UC cultured under normal temperature (UC group), UC cultured added brain tissue extract under normal temperature (UC plus extract group), tsUC cultured under mild hypothermia (tsUC group), and tsUC added brain tissue extract under mild hypothermia for 3 days, then normal temperature for 4 days (tsUC plus extract group). After 24 hours, the apoptosis level was checked. Cell growth and morphological changes in each group were given dynamic observation. Seven days later, cell immunofluorescences were implemented for examining neural differentiation level.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with UC plus extract group, the apoptosis and proliferation in UC plus extract group were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) and increased (P < 0.01) respectively. Cell immunofluorescence showed that the both GFAP and Neuron positive cells were significantly enhanced in UC plus extract group than those in tsUC plus extract group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>tsUC combining with mild hypothermia could significantly reverse injury induced cell apoptosis, improve cell proliferation and neural differentiation under chemical microenvironment after brain injury, which confirmed the adaptation and resistance of tsUC under mild hypothermia after TBI.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Rats , Apoptosis , Brain , Cell Biology , Pathology , Brain Injuries , Pathology , Cell Proliferation , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Chemistry , Neurons , Cell Biology , Temperature , Umbilical Cord , Cell BiologyABSTRACT
objecfive To know and compare the intelligence level of children born in different time periods in regions with iodine deficiency disorders(IDD)in Liaoning province.Methods All 7-14 year-old children from ten schools were chosen as the subjects respectively from six villages in each of the six counties and in regions with iodine deficiency,who were respectively born at the initialization of iodinated salt supplying period(1978-1980);non-iodinated salt supplying period(1981-1990);recovery of supplied iodized salt period(1991-1995);universal iodized salt period(1996-2000),respectively.Intelligence quotient(IQ)was measured by Combined Ravens Test in China(CRT-C)and Combined Ravens Test-the Rural,in China,2nd edition(CRT-RC2).Results IQ of children during the non-iodized salt period(91.9±14.3)was significantly lower than the initial supply of iodized salt period(95.8±14.6,q=8.60,P<0.01),recovery of supplied iodized salt period(99.7±14.7)was significantly higher than the initial supply of iodized salt period, non-iodized salt sales period(q = 9.53, 18.13, all P < 0.01 ),universal salt iodization( 104.3 ± 14.9) was significantly higher than the initial supply of iodized salt period, non-iodized salt sales period, recovery of supplied salt iodization(q = 20.00,28.00,10.46, all P < 0.01). Children's rate of mental retardation (IQ≤69) was higher in non-iodinated salt supplying period (6.7%, 88/1314 ) than the initial supply of iodized salt (4.4%, 21/471, χ2 = 3.85, P < 0.05), recovery of supplied iodized salt period(3.3%,48/1470) was significantly lower than non-iodinzed salt supplying period (χ2 = 15.37, P < 0.01), universal salt iodization period(2.7%, 36/1344) was lower than the initial supply of iodized salt period(χ2 = 4.41, P < 0.05) and non-iodinzed salt supplying period(χ2 = 26.34, P < 0.01 ). The IQ and intelligent retarded rates in children born during the initial years of iodinated salt supplying period were not different. The IQ of the children during ten years of non-iodized salt supplying period fluctuated in a "∪" curve, while the intelligent retardation rates in a "∩" curve.The children born during the period of recovery supplied iodized salt increased their IQ and lowered the retardation rates year after year. The IQ of the children in universal iodized salt period kept on increasing while intelligent retarded rates reduced to the lowest level. Conclusions The intelligence level of children born in regions with IDD during non-iodized salt supplying period is remarkably lower than that of the beginning years of iodinated salt supplying period. The intelligence level of children born after universal iodized salt period is remarkably higher than that of the initial iodinated salt supplying period and recovery of supplied iodized salt period, respectively.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To develop simple but reliable intracellular labelling method for high-resolution visualization of the fine structure of single neurons in brain slice with thickness of 500 microm.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Biocytin was introduced into neurons in 500 microm-thickness brain slices while blind whole cell recording. Following processed for histochemistry using the avidin-biotin-complex method, stained slices were mounted in glycerol on special glass slides. Labelled cells were digital photomicrographed every 30 microm and reconstructed with Adobe Photoshop software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After histochemistry, limited background staining was produced. The resolution was so high that fine structure, including branching, termination of individual axons and even spines of neurons could be identified in exquisite detail with optic microscope. With the help of software, the neurons of interest could be reconstructed from a stack of photomicrographs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The modified method provides an easy and reliable approach to revealing the detailed morphological properties of single neurons in 500 microm-thickness brain slice. Without requisition of special equipment, it is suited to be broadly applied.</p>