ABSTRACT
The current study was undertaken to compare the binding potential of Prunus armeniaca L. and Prunus domestica L. gums in tablets' formulations. Tablet batches [F-1 to F-9] were prepared Diclofenac sodium as model drug using 5%, 7.5% and 10% of each Prunus armeniaca L., Prunus domestica L. gums as binder. PVP K30 was used as a st and ard binder. Magnesium stearate was used as lubricant. Flow properties of granules [like bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, angle of repose] as well as the physical parameters of compressed tablets including hardness, friability, thickness and disintegration time were determined. Flow parameters of granules of all the batches were found good. Physical parameters [drug content, weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time] of formulated tablets were found within limit when tested. The dissolution studies showed that tablets formulations containing each Prunus domestica showed better binding capacity compared to Prunus armeniaca gum. The binding potential increased as the concentration of gums increased. The FTIR spectroscopic investigation showed that the formulations containing plant gum are compatible with the drug and other excipients used.
ABSTRACT
The plant diversity of Himalayan region has been reduced to greater extent due to environmental degradation and human exploitation
Anthropogenic disturbance was the major factor responsible for fragmentation of forest Eegetation into small patches
Little research has been conducted in the Himalayan region of Poonch Valley of North eastern Pakistan with reference to plants biodiversity and its conservation
The present research was carried out to provide a checklist of vegetation for biodiversity conservation. A total of 430 vascular and 5 nonvascular plant species with 5 species of Bryophytes [5 families], 13 species of Pteridophytes [6 families], 4 species of Gymnosperms [1 family] and 413 species of angiosperms [95 families] were enumerated from the Poonch valley Azad Kashmir
The genera were classified into three categories according to the number of species. 25 plant communities with phytosociological parameters and diversity indices were reported. Present study revealed that there were 145 threatened, 30 endangered, 68 mlnerable and 47 rare species. It is recorded that extensive grazing, uprooting of plants and soil slope erosion intensify the environmental problems
Since there is maximum exploitation of vegetation, the valley showed a decline in plant diversity
The study was also indicated that the main threats to the biodiversity are expansion of settlement and army installations in the forest area of the valley
For sustainable use In-situ and Ex-situ conservation, controlled harvesting and afforestation may be the solution. Moreover, forest area should be declared prohibited for settlements and army installations
ABSTRACT
In soils of different areas of Quetta city, irrigated by sewage water, the highest concentration of heavy metals was found to be as follows: lead [1.38 ppm], copper [0.86 ppm], chromium [0.036 ppm], cadmium [0.29 ppm], iron [10.50 ppm], nickel [0.74 ppm], zinc [19.45 ppm] and arsenic [0.001 ppm] on average basis. The sewage water contained lead [53.26 ppb], copper [22.5 ppb], chromium [1.33 ppb], cadmium [0.53 ppb], iron [127.7 ppb], nickel [51.14 ppb], manganese [17.08 ppb], zinc [31.38 ppb] and arsenic [0.011 ppb]. At each site the concentration of heavy metals and sewage water showed positive relationship
Subject(s)
Metals, Heavy , Lead , Copper , Chromium , Cadmium , Iron , Zinc , Arsenic , Nickel , Sewage , Agricultural IrrigationABSTRACT
The present enumeration is a base to know the antidiabetic efficacy of fresh leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Study was designed to use the fresh leaves extract to lower the blood glucose level of diabetic patients. Ten local diabetic patients were selected randomly from villages near Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. The blood sugar level of the selected patients were tested before and after treatment. It was concluded that the Adhatoda vasica Nees shows symptomatic hypoglycemic effect on diabetic patients
ABSTRACT
The results of pollen morphological studies [LM] of 9 Pakistani Rosa species [R. beggeriana, R. brunonii, R. ecae, R. foetida, R. lacerans, R. macrophylla, R.. multiflora, R. nanothamnus and R. webbiana] have been presented in this paper. All examined pollen grains. are small, heteropolar, and tricolporate. A11 grains except R. foetida tend to have very long colpi. Constricted equatorial bridges make the Pori invisible in most of the species. The sculpture of grain confirms the striate pattern. The palynological features of exine thickness, shape, equatorial and polar diameter of pollen grains and length of colpi are found useful criterion for species delimitation while sculpturing and size at LM turned out to be a poor criterion. A dichotomous key is constructed for the species identification using the characters that has been studied
ABSTRACT
Cichorium intybus L. is medicinally important plant of Compositae family in Pakistan. Pollen grains are radially symmetrical, isopolar, rhomboidal or platespheroidal in equatorial view, lobate in polar view. trizonocolporate, lacunate and echinate. Palynologiml characters such as polar and equatorial diameter. Exine width, spine length, number of spine rows between colpi are considered important taxonomic characters