ABSTRACT
Tramadol is a synthetic and centrally active analgesic. Hypoglycemia as another possible major side effect among abusers has not been known well. Our objective is evaluation of the Blood Glucose Level [BGL] among tramadol-overdosed patients. This prospective cross-sectional study was performed from Feb to June 2013; BGL was measured at the time of admission, 8 and 12 hours later. All patients with hypoglycemia received infusion of 0.5-1gr/kg of hypertonic dextrose and their BGL was checked every hour until normal BGL. Patients' demographic, clinical and paraclinical data were collected. Totally, 128 patients with a mean [SD] age of 24.5 [6.9] years were recruited; 127 [99.2%] were male. Seizure occurred in 59.4% cases. Mean +/- SD admission BGL was 94.88 +/- 21.5mg/dL. Fourteen patients experienced hypoglycemia within 12 hours period. Hyperglycemia was experienced in 8 patients [6.25%] on admission day. There was no significant relation between the dose of tramadol and BGL. In conclusion, hypoglycemia must be considered asan important side effect of tramadol-overdose. It is suggested that serial BGL monitoring in cases of Tramadol-overdose should be done for early recognition of hypoglycemia and its timely management. Also hyperglycemia may be revealed
ABSTRACT
Background: The dependency ratio [DR] is defined as the ratio of the non-working population to the economically active population. Dependency ratio is calculated by the sum of population under fifteen years and over 65 years divided by 15-64 year old population. The interpretation of DR variation gives us the impact of health care services and some reproductive interventions. This study analyzed a 23-year DR trend in rural population of Fars province and the effect of some fertility variables on it
Methods: In this study, using data from vital horoscope and regression analysis, we analyzed a 23-year period of DR and some fertility indicators
Results: The total DR significantly declined from 102.5% in 1990 to 41.4% in 2012 [P<0.001]. Most of this reduction is attributed to reduction in young DR. Old dependency ratio [population of 65 years and more] was significantly growing [P<0.035]. Number of rural health house, family planning coverage, total fertility rate and general fertility rate was significantly associated with total dependency ratio [P<0.009]
Conclusion: We passed the first stage of demographic transition, i.e. young dependency ratio declining. But the old dependency ratio slowly increased; it is recommended that the health care services should be promoted in future, especially services for old age people