ABSTRACT
Introduction: Good glycemic control has been defined as achieving a target of fasting plasma glucose level of between 80 and 110 mg/dl, or glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) of <7.0%. Poor glycemic control is highly correlated with chronic conditions related to the damaging effects of hyperglycaemia, resulting in serious complications. To restrict and delay the complications of diabetes mellitus, good glycemic control is essential. Objective: To identify the determinants associated with poor glycemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among 403 confirmed type 2 diabetic patients who attendedone of the tertiary care hospitals of North India over a period of six months (July- December 2021). The collected data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 28. Chi-square test was applied to compare various determinants of glycemic control. A p-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Out of 403 participants, 57.6% had poor glycemic control of diabetic condition. Higher age of participants, illiteracy, being overweight, having positive history of smoking and alcohol, longer duration of diabetes, participants taking both oral and insulin treatment for diabetes, taking medicine irregularly were the significant determinants of poor glycemic control. Conclusion: Higher percentage(57.6%) of poor glycemic control was observed in the study.To improve the glycemic control, efforts should be made towards improving modifiable factors like overweight, smoking, alcohol, regularity of medication etc. Good lifestyle interventions help in control of poor glycemic control.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Since 1990, internet usage is increasing day by day and availability of smart mobile phones and electronic gazettes like tablet, laptop etc. has given it an exponential rise. During COVID-19 lockdown period, internet usage pattern has changed a lot as per behaviour of students studying in schools, colleges, educational and coaching institutes etc. To study the prevalence of internet addictionObjective: and the effect of internet usage on lifestyle of college students of Haryana. Total 1035 students, ofMethod: various educational streams in various colleges of Haryana state were included in the study and data was collected by pretested self-designed questionnaire and young's internet addiction test questionnaire was used to assess its effect on life style. Out of 1035 students, 436(42%) participants were belowResults: average users of internet, followed by 369(36%) average users and 230(22%) excessive users of internet. Average of total score of young internet addiction questionnaire was 27.72. Various life style factors like feeling stressed while working, neglects other activities, miss a diet, checks internet many times, obsessed with phone and internet usage per day were found significantly associated with internet addiction(p<0.05). Conclusion : Excessive internet usage during COVID-19 pandemic may lead to various abnormal behavior changes which cause negative effect on various aspects of students like emotional, hyperactivity, depression, sleeping disorder etc.
ABSTRACT
Women account for 39.3% of HIV/AIDS infection in India. There are many biological and socio-cultural factors which make her highly vulnerable to HIV infection. Knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS can help her in protecting herself from the disease. This study was conducted to the level of awareness of young females with respect to knowledge of the HIV/AIDS, its modes of transmission, methods to prevent it, availability of testing and treatment and attitudes in relation to HIV/AIDS. A cross sectional study was done in a peri-urban setting in Patiala, Punjab among 1044 females in the age group 15-24 yrs using a self designed semistructured questionnaire. 93.9%had heard about AIDS. Television was the most common source of information (79.7%). Knowledge about the different modes of transmission was high (68-78%), but knowledge about preventive methods especially condom use was low (34-54%). Increase in educational status was seen to significantly increase the knowledge of the modes of transmission and preventive methods (p<.001). Knowledge of symptoms of HIV was low. (2-15%). Only 28.5% knew about the availability of HIV testing facility. 33.8% knew about treatment available for HIV. The study subjects were having favorable attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS. There is a need to focus the education programs and the mass media towards preventive methods rather than just the knowledge of the modes of transmission. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on making people aware about the existence of HIV testing facility and availability of treatment.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To determine the clinical, radiological and drug resistance profile as well as the factors associated with treatment outcome of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: All newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary MDR-TB from August 2002 to December 2004 enrolled at New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, were included in the study. They were followed up clinically, radiologically and bacteriologically by sputum smear, culture and Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST) at regular intervals. According to their DST pattern and previous history of Anti-Tubercular Treatment (ATT), individualized treatment regimens were tailored for each patient. RESULTS: Out of total 27 bacteriologically proven cases of MDR-TB included in this study, 19 were males (mean age and weight 38.5 years and 52.6 kgs, respectively) and eight females (mean age and weight 34.3 years and 40.7 kgs, respectively). A majority (18) were residents of Delhi and the rest hailed from different parts of North India. All of them had a history of previous treatment ranging from six to 34 months. Cavity on chest X-rays was seen in 81%, while 44% showed extensive involvement. The patients received at least four "second line drugs" during their treatment with a mean of 6.2 anti-tubercular drugs during their intensive phase. Of the 27 patients, 13 were cured, 10 defaulted, one died, one is still on treatment and two were referred for surgery. Radiological improvement was observed in two third of cases and chest X-ray of two patients showed a complete resolution. Six predictors were identified for successful outcome of MDR-TB. They include weight gain at six months, culture conversion, radiological improvement during treatment, disease with M. tuberculosis strains exhibiting resistance to less than or up to three anti-tubercular drugs, use of less than or up to three second line drugs in treatment and no change of regimen during treatment. CONCLUSION: Default from treatment was observed to be a major challenge in the treatment of MDR-TB due to long duration and expense of ATT.