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Objective: This study aimed to clarify the assertiveness of psychiatric day care users with schizophrenia.Patients and Methods: We examined 1,179 psychiatric day care center users and 916 psychiatric hospital outpatients with schizophrenia between September 2008 and February 2009 using a questionnaire survey based on the Japanese version of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the Functioning Scale. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by post by the director of each participating facility.Results: Of the 1,179 users (Users) and 916 outpatients (Patients) targeted, 366 (31.0%) and 78 (8.5%) were enrolled in this study. The mean assertiveness score of Users (–7.1 ± 20.2) was significantly higher than that of Patients (–17.3 ± 20.9; P<0.01). Assertiveness scores were higher in Users who performed housework compared with those who did not. High functioning was a background factor that improved assertiveness scores in Users. Additionally, Users could maintain a suitable assertiveness score with support from a psychiatric day care center.Conclusion: This study revealed that Users had a greater ability to self-assert than Patients; this was largely the result of being able to live in society.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Rathus assertiveness schedule (J-RAS) in psychiatric day care users with schizophrenia.Subjects and Methods: We examined 715 psychiatric day care users with schizophrenia by conducting the test twice between September 2007 and February 2008 using a questionnaire-based survey. We examined construct validity and used the internal reliability test, split-half method, and test–retest method to examine reliability. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by post via the director of each facility.Results: Of the 1272 psychiatric day care users, 715 users (56.2%) were enrolled in the study. Seven factors were extracted for construct validity. The cumulative contribution rate of these factors was 49.4% and the internal consistency of 30 items of the J-RAS was α = 0.72. The split-half method revealed a significant correlation between the total scores of the odd- and even-numbered items (r = 0.64, p < 0.01). The test–retest method revealed a significant difference between the total scores of the first and second tests of the 30 items of the J-RAS (r = 0.73, P < 0.01).Conclusion: We confirmed the validity and reliability of the J-RAS in psychiatric day care users with schizophrenia and demonstrated its efficacy in evaluating psychiatric day care users.
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OBJECTIVE: In cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), p16INK4a immunohistochemistry has been reported to be a useful diagnostic biomarker. However, limited information is available about the association between the p16INK4a immunohistochemistry and the outcomes of CIN. Here, we report p16INK4a immunohistochemistry as an effective biomarker to predict the outcomes of CIN. METHODS: p16INK4a immunohistochemistry was performed in patients with CIN from January 2000 to August 2009. Among these patients, we have performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records to evaluate the outcome of CIN 1-2 and performed statistical analysis to determine the correlation between p16INK4a expression and the outcomes. We also performed HPV genotyping and analyzed the relation between the infecting human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype and the outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 244 patients, including 82 with CIN 1, 60 with CIN 2, and 102 with CIN 3, were examined. The rate of p16INK4a overexpression increased with increasing CIN grade, 20.7% for CIN 1, 80.0% for CIN 2, and 89.2% for CIN 3, with significant differences between CIN 1 and CIN 2-3 group. In the 131 CIN 1-2 patients, the progression rate was significantly higher for the patients showing p16INK4a overexpression than for those not showing p16INK4a overexpression (p=0.005); the regression rate was also found to be significantly lower for the patients showing p16INK4a overexpression (p=0.003). High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in 73 patients (73.7%). Both progression and regression rates were not significantly different between the high-risk HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups (p=0.401 and p=0.381, respectively). CONCLUSION: p16INK4a overexpression was correlated with the outcome of CIN 1-2, and p16INK4a is considered to be a superior biomarker for predicting the outcome of CIN 1-2 compared with HPV genotyping.
Subject(s)
Humans , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia , Genotype , Immunohistochemistry , Medical Records , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the risk and recurrence of early invasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix, and to determine whether non-radical methods of management could be performed. METHODS: The medical and histopathological records of 50 patients with early invasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix treated at Keio University Hospital between 1993 and 2005 were reviewed, and compared with the literature. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 64.3 months. The depth of stromal invasion was 3 mm, but 7 mm in 25 cases. One of the 33 cases that had tumor volumes of 500 mm3 were positive for lymph node metastasis. When our data were combined with previously reported results, statistically significant differences were observed between the tumor volume and the frequency of pelvic lymph node metastasis/the rate of recurrence (p<0.0001). The frequency of pelvic lymph node metastases was significantly higher in the lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI)-positive group than in the LVSI-negative group (p=0.02). No adnexal metastasis or parametrial involvement was noted. CONCLUSION: Assessment of the depth of stromal invasion, tumor volume, and LVSI is critical for selecting an appropriate therapeutic modality. Non-radical methods of management are considered suitable for patients with LVSI-negative adenocarcinoma of the cervix exhibiting a stromal invasion depth of < or =5 mm and a tumor volume of < or =500 mm3.