One-pot three-component synthesis of new triazolopyrimidine derivatives bearing indole moiety as antiproliferative agents

A new series of triazolopyrimidine derivatives was produced via three-component reactions of suitable aromatic orheteroaromatic carboxaldehyde, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, and 3-indolyl-3-oxopropanenitrile in triethylamine as a catalyst.The new compounds have been interpreted using elemental analysis, infrared, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy. Antiproliferative effects of the new compounds have been screened on four human cancer types andone human noncancerous type (retinal pigment ephitilial-1) via the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-DiphenyltetrazoliumBromide assay. Compounds 4a and 4h have moderate activity against the human colon cancer; most of the compoundswere active toward human lung cancer; compounds 4i, 4h, and 4g were highly active on hormone-dependent human breastcancer, while compounds 4c, 4b, 4h, and 4e were the most active on the hormone-independent human breast. The resultsof this study offer a source for further investigation of selected triazolopyrimidine derivatives as antiproliferative agents.

Impact of Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment of Pastoralists Located in South Central Somalia Based on Income and Marital Status

Recent changes in climate over the last three decades, have increased the incidences of severe droughts and floods in Somalia. Moreover, the frequent internal conflicts increases the level of vulnerability of its citizens’ to climate change impacts. The UNDP puts at 5 million, the number of Somali people affected by drought incidences. Notably, factors such as income and marital status influence the vulnerability status of individuals in the region. This study assessed the vulnerability and impact of climate change of South Central Somali pastoralists based on income and marital status. The research was conducted through structured interviews and questionnaires and the sample size for the study was 400. The divorcees, were found to be the most vulnerable, compared to the married, singles and widows. On the other hand, the higher income earners were found to be less vulnerable to climate change impacts compared to the lower income earners. The findings demonstrate that marital status and income, play a key role in influencing the level of vulnerability of the individuals in the study area. The information can be used to formulate policies that will provide appropriate interventions to the most affected groups.

Simultaneous isolation of gallotannins and a related phenolic from Mangifera indica kernels and assessment of their anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activities

Therapeutic alternatives are being searched for trichomoniasis as a result of the increased prevalence of metronidazoleresistant infections. Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) is an importanttree with a long history in medicine. Traditionally, ithas been used as an anti-diarrheal and anti-diabetic, and recently, its gallotannin-rich leaves and stem bark extracts have shownantiparasitic activities against various parasites. Aiming at exploring the anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of mango’sgallotannins, an aqueous ethanol extract of fresh kernels of M. indica was phytochemically investigated. Based on a simplegel chromatographic procedure, ethyl gallate (2), a group of five isomeric tetragalloyl-glucoses (3–7), and a pentagalloylglucose (8) were simultaneously isolated from a single fraction by a preparative Reversed-phase-high performance liquidchromatography. The isolates were identified based on spectroscopic analyses and comparison with reported data. Theyshowed structural-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth of T. vaginalis trophozoites in an in vitro investigation.Ethyl gallate and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (7) exhibited elevated anti-T. vaginalis activity (IC50 = 1.3, 2.4μg/ml, respectively). This is the first report exploring the potential of gallotannins as trichomonacidal agents.

Anatomical Variations Of The Cystic Duct And Their Surgical Implications In Sudanese Population: A Cadaveric Study

Background: Anatomic variations of cystic ducts are common and continuously encountered during Surgical andradiological interventions. Failure to identify these clinically important variations may result in complicationsduring surgical or endoscopic procedures.Patients and methods: This is an observational descriptive cross-sectional study. 65 cadavers in the dissectingrooms of the medical colleges, in which the length and mode of insertion of cystic duct (CD) into common bileduct (CBD) were observed.Results: The mean length of the CD in the cadavers examined was (2.06 ± 1.03) with a minimum length of d” 0.5 cmand a maximum of 5 cm. Regarding the mode of insertion of CD into the CBD; 53.8% were found to have a lowjunction between the CD and common hepatic duct (CHD) which is considered the normal insertion. 46.2% foundto be abnormal variations of insertion; short CD (d”0.5 cm) observed in 10.8%; whereas in 13.8% of cadavers wefound that the CD is adherent to the CHD and runs in parallel to it. In 7.8% there was a high junction between theCD and CBD and in 9.2% we found that CD courses anterior or posterior to CBD and joins it medially.Conclusion: CD variations are not uncommon and it is important to identify these anatomical variations. Adetailed knowledge of the extra hepatic biliary tract, as well as of its variations, is important for the diagnosticand therapeutic success in many clinical situations since they allow the surgeon prompt identification ofcertain pathologies, making surgical procedures more accurate and affective.

U-net based metal segmentation on projection domain for metal artifact reduction in dental CT

Unlike medical computed tomography (CT), dental CT often suffers from severe metal artifacts stemming from high-density materials employed for dental prostheses. Despite the many metal artifact reduction (MAR) methods available for medical CT, those methods do not sufficiently reduce metal artifacts in dental CT images because MAR performance is often compromised by the enamel layer of teeth, whose X-ray attenuation coefficient is not so different from that of prosthetic materials. We propose a deep learning-based metal segmentation method on the projection domain to improve MAR performance in dental CT. We adopted a simplified U-net for metal segmentation on the projection domain without using any information from the metal-artifacts-corrupted CT images. After training the network with the projection data of five patients, we segmented the metal objects on the projection data of other patients using the trained network parameters. With the segmentation results, we corrected the projection data by applying region filling inside the segmented region. We fused two CT images, one from the corrected projection data and the other from the original raw projection data, and then we forward-projected the fused CT image to get the fused projection data. To get the final corrected projection data, we replaced the metal regions in the original projection data with the ones in the fused projection data. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed segmentation method on MAR, we compared the MAR performance of the proposed segmentation method with a conventional MAR method based on metal segmentation on the CT image domain. For the MAR performance evaluation, we considered the three primary MAR performance metrics: the relative error (REL), the sum of square difference (SSD), and the normalized absolute difference (NAD). The proposed segmentation method improved MAR performances by around 5.7% for REL, 6.8% for SSD, and 8.2% for NAD. The proposed metal segmentation method on the projection domain showed better MAR performance than the conventional segmentation on the CT image domain. We expect that the proposed segmentation method can improve the performance of the existing MAR methods that are based on metal segmentation on the CT image domain.

A bench-top micro-CT capable of simulating head motions

Computational three-dimensional (3D) models of a dental structure generated from 3D dental computed tomography (CT) images are now widely used in digital dentistry. To generate precise 3D models, high-resolution imaging of the dental structure with a dental CT is required. However, a small head motion of the patient during the dental CT scan could degrade the spatial resolution of CT images to the extent that digital dentistry is no longer possible. A bench-top micro-CT has been built to evaluate the head motion effects on the dental CT images. A micro-CT has been built on an optic table with a micro-focus x-ray source and a flat-panel detector. A rotation stage, placed in between the x-ray source and the detector, is mounted on two-directional goniometers that can rotate the rotation stage in two orthogonal directions while the rotation stage is performing the CT scan. The goniometers can make object motions of an arbitrary waveform to simulate head tilting or head nodding. CT images of a phantom have been taken with and without introducing the motions, and the motion effects on the CT images have been evaluated. Object motions parallel to the detector plane have greater effects on the CT images than those against the detector plane. With the bench-top micro-CT, the motion effects have been visually seen at a tiny rotational motion as small as 0.3°. The bench-top micro-CT can be used to evaluate head motion effects on the dental CT images. The projection data, taken with the motion effects, would be used to develop motion artifact correction methods for a high-resolution dental-CT.

Co-existence of pests and their associated predators inhabiting cantaloupe plants, cucumis melo L. in Assiut, Egypt

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons of cantaloupe. Faunistic composition of pests and their associated predators inhabiting cantaloupe plants Cucumis melo L. revealed the presence of 22 insect species belonging to 17 families and 10 orders. The serious pest species were represented by 14 species with 7 predaceous species. The most abundant sucking insect pest was whitefly; Bemisia tabaci Genn. It was the most abundant and seemed to be the major pest infesting cantaloupe, followed by the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch:, and some piercing sucking insects such as cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glov.; onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. and jassids, Empoasca spp. Orius sp, Chrysoperla carnea Steph. and Coccinella undecimpunctata L. were the most numerous predators. In all cases the dominance degrees of the pests were higher than those of the predators

Effect of stiffness of single implant supported crowns on the resultant stresses. a finite element analysis

Objective: In the present study, the 3D finite element method was used to investigate the effect of crown material on stress distribution in the bone surrounding immediately loaded single dental

Materials and Methods: A 3D Finite Element model of mandibular first premolar was constructed to evaluate the performance of seven crown materials with different degree of stiffness [Porcelain, zirconium, Porcelain fused to gold, pure titanium, titanium alloy, Poly methyl methacrylate, and Polyether ether ketone PEEK]. The model was constructed using Solid Works version 2010 software. The model simulated also a cement layer between the implant abutment and the crown [Virolink II, Vivadent]. An axial static occlusal force of 200 N was applied to eight points in each functional cusp. The three-dimensional [3D] FE model was analyzed by ABAQUS/CAE version 6.10 software

Results: The results of this study indicated that among all crown materials the maximum von Mises stress values was observed in porcelain crown design [345.390 MPa].The highest von Mises stresses were found in the abutments for all models. In implants, the greatest stress was concentrated on the cervical region. PMMA and PEEK crown designs transferred less stress to abutment and screw. In all models, von Mises stresses increased in the coronal third of cortical bone in which the maximum von Mises stresses observed in the implant ­ cortical interface

Conclusions: Using more rigid material for the superstructure of an implant supports prosthesis did not have any effect on the stress values and stress distribution at the bone tissue surrounding implant. However, in the abutment, cement and crown structure, stress distributions and localizations were affected by the material's rigidity. More clinical studies are needed to evaluate the survival rate of these materials

Botanical study and DNA fingerprint of ceiba pentandra [L.] Gaertn. var. Pentandra cultivated in Egypt

Ceiba pentandra [L.] Gaertn. [kapok] [F: Bombacaceae] is a large, fast growing tree of up to 50 m height. fl grows naturally in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and planted as a shade tree. In traditional medicine, it is mainly used as an emetic, diuretic and antispasmodic agent. Extracts of different morphological parts of the plant has been also recommended for the treatment of various ailments, include diabetes, bronchitis, skin diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, eye diseases, arthritis, insect bite and chronic fever. There are at least four common varieties of Ceiba pentandra species include; var. caribaea [DC.] Bakh., var. guineensis [Schumach. and Thonn.] H G. Baker, var. pentandra and var. indica Bakhuisen. However, there were no specific identification standards for such varieties in the previous researches. In this study, a detailed description for the morphological and anatomical characters of the leaves, stems and fruits of Ceiba pentandra var. pentandra is performed. Additionally, the DNA fingerprint of the variety pentandra was established to help in its future identification at the genomic level

Population age structure of the green beach aphid, Myzus Persicae [Sulzer] [Homoptera: Aphididae] in Cumin fields in Assiut Upper Egypt

The present studies were carried out during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 on cumin growing seasons. The main objective was to study population age structure of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae [Sulzer] infesting cumin plants in Assiut, Upper Egypt. When using beginning of cumin planting as a starting date, data show that the migration of the green peach aphid from overwintering site into cumin fields occurred after about 50 days [nearly during the end of December]. The population then increased to become 10% of the maximum number after 66 days [nearly during the first half of January]. Maximum population density of the green peach aphid occurred after about 95 days. Therefore, the peak of abundance could be expected around the first half of February. After the population reached it's the highest level, it generally declined and reached 10% of the maximum after 121 days. The population then vanished from the cumin field in about 132 days [toward the middle of March]. The present results indicate that the number of green peach aphid was significantly higher in the second season 2013 [421.3 aphids / 10 plants], than that of the first season 2012 [249.30 aphids / 10 plants]. The differences in levels of infestation between the two seasons might be attributed to the differences in weather factors [temperature, relative humidity] and /or the effect of the common natural enemies in each season

Insulin Resistance in Infertile Sudanese Patients with Poly cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) at Laparoscopy.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder of uncertain etiology, characterized by irregular menses, chronic anovulation, infertility, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance. Aims: To determine insulin resistance in infertile Sudanese patients with PCOS and evaluate its significant relation ship to infertility. Method: A hospital based transversal study was conducted at the Minimal Access Gynecology Surgery (MAGS) unit at Omdurman Maternity Hospital from June 2010 to August 2012 .61 infertile patients with PCOS using Rotterdam 2003 definition and who did not conceive after diet, lifestyle and clomiphene as study group and 61 normoovulatory infertile patients with normal ovaries served as a control group at laparoscopy, their serum were sent to the laboratory for estimation of fasting glucose and insulin levels, and then calculation of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and p value. Results: 44(73%) out of the 61infertile patients with PCOS were young, obese with BMI>30, hirsutism was seen in 45 (73.5%) and acne was observed in 42 (70%). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 100-125 mg/dl, was encountered in 18(30%) and 3 were diabetic (FBG >125). Fasting insulin level was not significantly elevated in the study group, while Insulin resistance calculated using HOMA. Mean HOMA in the obese PCOS group was significantly higher than in the obese normal ovary group (2.68 ± 2.19 versus 1.26 ± 1.05, P = 0.005). Conclusion: The majority of the study population was young, obese and had insulin resistance This finding may have important implications in the short term regarding reproductive performance, and in the long term regarding type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications

Generic medicines policies in the Asia Pacific region: ways forward.

Generic medicines are a key strategy used by governments and third-party payers to contain medicines costs and improve the access to essential medicines. This strategy represents an important opportunity provided by the global intellectual property regimes to discover and develop copies of original products marketed by innovator companies once the patent protection term is over. While there is an extensive experience regarding generic medicines policies in developed countries, this evidence may not translate to developing countries. The generic medicines policies workshop at the Asia Pacific Conference on National Medicines Policies 2012 provided an important opportunity to discuss and document country-specific initiatives for improving access to and the rational of use of generic medicines in the Asia Pacific region. Based on the identified barriers and enablers to implementation of generic medicines policies in the region, a set of future action plans and recommendations has been made.

Lipid profile among cirrhotic patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma in Upper Egypt

An impaired lipid metabolism is often observed in patients with chronic liver diseases. This study was carried out to determine the lipid profile in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] and to determine whether it relates to the severity of cirrhosis in Upper Egypt. In an analytical cross-sectional study, 74 patients with cirrhosis and 36 patients with cirrhosis and HCC [cases] and 65 age-matched and sex-matched healthy individuals [control] were studied from the Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department and Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University Hospital. For all the participants, the following was carried out: clinical evaluation, abdominal ultrasound [US] examination, and laboratory investigations including the lipid profile [total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and high-density lipoprotein [HDL]]. In cirrhotic patients with and without HCC, there was a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL levels compared with the control group. Comparison of the lipid profile with the severity of cirrhosis indicated that serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL but not HDL levels decreased linearly with progression of liver damage [Child C vs. Child A]. The HDL level was significantly lower in cirrhotic patients with HCC than in cirrhotic patients without HCC. The lipid profile [total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL levels] is impaired in cirrhotic patients with and without HCC. The lipid profile [but not HDL] is inversely correlated with the severity of cirrhosis. The HDL level is significantly lower in cirrhotic patients with HCC than in cirrhotic patients without HCC

Antagonistic effects of symbiotic bacteria isolated from midgut of honey bee workers against Ascosphaera apis, the causal pathogen of chalkbrood disease

Six biotypes of fungal isolates belonging to Ascosphaera apis were isolated by three media from infested honey bee larvae. Two isolates [A[7] and A[15]] were able to form sporocysts. However, the other four [A[3], A[4], A[8],A[9]] did not form sporocyts on cultivated Murashieg and Skoog medium [mMS]. Six isolates from symbiotic bacteria associated with midgut of honey bee workers have been insolated from healthy workers. Four isolates from endospore-forming bacteria belonged to Bacillus subtilis [B[2], B[4], B[10] and B[100]] and two isolates from non endospore-forming bacteria to Pseudomonas fluorescence [P[1[and P[5]] were isolated. Morphological features and physiological reactions of isolated bacteria were determined. Antagonistic effectiveness of both Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescence was tested against isolates of Ascosphaera apis, the causal pathogen of chalkbrood disease, in vitro. Data showed that Bacillus subtills isolate [B2], gave the highest antagonistic effect as inhibition zone and mycelial growth followed by Pseudomonas fluorescence [P[1]]. Highly significant differences among Bacillus subtilis [B[2]], Pseudomonas fluorescence [P[1]] and other bacterial strains were recorded.. Scanning electron microscope was used to examined the fungal hyphae and mature sporocysts of Ascosphaera apis which isolated from infested larvae and grown on [mMs]. Numerous distinguish differences were recorded. The examination showed that numerous bacterial cells of Pseudomonas fluorescence invaded fungal hyphae of Ascosphaera apis and caused disintegration the cell walls. Whereas Bacillus subtilis hyphae showed shrinking appearance. It could be conducted that such symbiotic bacteria can considered as a bioformula for controlling such disease in honey bee colonies

Diagnostic d'orientation et traitement des cancers thyroidiens au Mali

Notre objectif a ete de rapporter les criteres de diagnostic d'orientation des cancers de la thyroide dans les conditions de la pratique en zone sahelienne. Ce travail s'etait base surl'analyse de dossiers de 29 personnes porteurs de cancer de la thyroide; vus dans le serice d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie (ORL) de l'hopital Gabriel Toure de Bamako au Mali; de janvier 2002 a decembre 2007. Trois symptomes ont constitue le motif de consultation : tumefaction cervicale dure (21 as) evoluant depuis plus de 10 ans; presence de signes de compression (dysphonie :5 cas; dyspnee :3; dysphasie : 1) et des adenopathies cervicales (6 cas). La confirmation histologique du diagnostic a ete faite par analyse du produit cytoponction ou d'une piece operatoire. Le traitement majeur a ete le geste chirurgical dont l'analyse de la piece operatoire a permis de connaitre le diagnostic positif. L'orientation diagnostique pre-therapeutique a montre ainsi sa place preponderante dans un contexte d'absence d'exonne extemporane

Outcome after distal revascularization and interval ligation [DRIL] for the tratment of dialysis-associated steal synrome

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and durability of the distal revascularization and interval ligation [DRIL] procedure in relieving hand ischemia and in maintianing access patency in the setting of hemodialysis access-induced ischemia. The traditional operative treatment for ischemic steal intervention syndrome related to a functioning dialysis access arterio-venous fistula [A/V fistula] usually result in inconsistent limb salvage, loss of access function or both. This study describes the "DRIL" technique for correction of ischemic steal syndrome occurring as a complication of A/V fistulas. The study was conducted on 20 patients with a functioning upper extremity A/V fistulas associated with ischemic steal syndrome and treated by "DRIL" procedure at El Hussein University Hospital, Vascular Surgical Unit. The indications for surgery were ischemic hand pain in 9 patients [45%], tissue loss in 7 patients [35%], loss of neurologic function in 2 patients [10%] and pain during hemodialysis in 2 patients [10%]. The surgical technique used consisted of ligation of the brachial artery distal to the inflow anastomosis to the fistula and bypass graft from the brachial artery 5cm above the fistula by end to side anastomosis to a point just distal to the A/V anastomosis. The bypass material used in these patients was synthetic polytetrafluroethylene grafts [PTFE grafts] 6 mm in diameter. Of total 20 patients with ischemic steal syndrome affecting the upper extremities occurred after A/V fistulas treated by "DRIL" procedure, their ischemic symptoms improved immediately after surgery in 18 patients [90%]. The primary patency of the brachial artery bypass was 90% and the patency of A/V fistulas was 85% at 1 year. The "DRIL" technique is effective in alleviating symptoms of ischemic steal syndrome and preserving the hemodialysis access. It is considered as: the procedure of choice for correction of ischemic steal syndrome induced by A/V fistulas

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy in the treatment of severe Raynaud's disease

To evaluate the results of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy in severe cases of Raynaud's disease after medical treatment failure, with particular reference to the complications, safety and the effectiveness. We performed 22 endoscopic thoracic sympathectomies in 16 patients [12 males and 4 females] with severe Raynaud's disease after medical treatment failure. Their ages varies between 23 to 41 years. 10 patients underwent a unilateral endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy procedures, whereas 6 patients with bilateral symptoms underwent staged endoscopic thoracic procedures several weeks a part. Of the total 22 affected hands: 4 [18.18%] had severe intractable hand pain; 10 [45.45%] had trophic ulcers associated with terminal digital necrosis and 8 [36.36%] had gangrene of finger tips. All patients were evaluated clinically by history taking and physical examination as well as routine laboratory and radiological screening tests. All patients were carefully counseled on the potential complications of the procedure. We performed 22 endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy procedures [10 unilateral and 6 bilateral]. The mean post operative hospital stay was 1 day. The post-operative follow up ranged between 3 and 12 months with a mean of 6 months as regard to pain relief, healing of ulcers and spontaneous separation of gangrenous parts. There was no mortality and no serious morbidity detected in this study. The 4 hands [18.18%] with severe intractable hand pain were improved completely. Of the 10 hands [45.45%] with trophic ulcers associated with terminal digital necrosis, complete healing of ulcers as well as trophic lesions occurred in 8 of them [36.36%] while no healing detected in the remaining 2 hands [9%]. Of the 8 hands [36.36%] with gangrene of finger tips complete improvement of lesions and clear demarcation of the gangrenous parts occurred in 6 hands [27.27%] and the remaining 2 hands [9%] required later amputation at one or more distal inter-phalyngeal joint. Horner's syndrome occurred in 2 patients [12.5%] resolved in the first patient at 4 weeks and in the second patient at 4 months. Intercostal neuralgia detected in 2 patients. In one of them it appeared immediately after the operation, but in the 2nd it appeared 3 weeks later. The postoperative chest radiograms showed only a slight residual pneumothorax in one patient [6.25%] and non in the remaining cases. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is safe-easy, reliable and effective way in the treatment of patients with severe Raynaud's disease after medical treatment failure

Morbidite par tumeurs de la sphere tete et cou a Bamako

Ce travail rapporte sur une annee (nov 2004-oct 2005) les resultats d'une etude descriptive realisee sur les tumeurs de la tete et du cou dans le service ORL de l'hopital Gabriel Toure de Bamako. Ont ete inclus tous les patients dont les dossiers comportaient les parametres suivants : epidemiologique (age; sexe; profession; residence et delai de consultation); facteurs d'exposition; localisation anatomoclinique et resultat histologique; et les donnees de l'imagerie. Ont ete exclues toutes les tumeurs de cette region dont les dossiers etaient incomplets ainsi que les tumeurs de l'oeil et de ses annexes et les tumeurs endocraniennes. Nous avons pu colliger 60 cas; et 25 dossiers n'ont pu etre exploites. Parmi les 60 cas retenus; 24 tumeurs etaient des tumeurs malignes (40) et 36 tumeurs benignes. Dans les tumeurs benignes; le goitre a ete le plus retrouve avec a l'etude histologique une predominance de l'adenome colloidal (15 cas sur 36 soit 41;67). D'autres tumeurs rares ont ete notees entre autre le rhinosclerome (5 cas soit 13;89); le papillome inverse des fosses nasales (2 cas soit 5;55). Ces tumeurs benignes n'ont pas pose de problemes de prise en charge. Quant aux tumeurs malignes; nous avons eu une predominance de cancers pharyngo-larynges (11 cas/24) avec le carcinome epidermoide comme type histologique le plus frequent. Dans ce lot on a eu deux carcinomes chez des enfants de moins de quinze ans. Nous n'avons pas pu relever de particularites; entre autre pas de facteurs d'exposition individualisable. D'autres tumeurs malignes tels que les cancers nasosinusiens et les carcinomes de la thyroide ont ete relevees. Ces tumeurs malignes ont generalement consulte a un stade avance de la maladie

Seroprevalenc of HIV/AIDS among pregnant Sudanese women

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Sudan is 1.6-6.0%. With the advent of peace, the disease is expected to be on the rise. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in pregnant Sudanese women so as to prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission. In a pilot study conducted at antenatal clinics in 5 Sudanese Teaching Hospitals, five teams were trained in the basic skills of counseling, diagnosis and management of HIV/AIDS. Rapid Test [Uni-gold HIV-1/HIV-2], Serodia HIV-1/2, and Western blot [INNP-LIA HIV-1/2 SCORE] tests were used. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS was found to be 0.8%. This pilot study led to establishment of seven Antenatal clinics for prevention of mother_to-child transmission in different parts of the country. Qualified teams composed of an Obstetrician, Paediatrician, pharmacist, Social worker, Health visitor, midwife, Laboratory Technician and a counselor provided counseling, testing and management for pregnant women and children of HIVpositive mothers. 57793 pregnant women attended antenatal clinics during the period August 2007-August 2008. Out of these 25941 [44.9%] were counseled; however only 5959 [23.0%] accepted to be tested for HIV. 39 positive cases were found, making the prevalence rate of 0.65%. Patients were managed and the babies were given antiretroviral treatment. Breast feeding was advised. Although the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is about 1.6-6% in the country, it is still low in pregnant women. A great effort should be done on Voluntary Counseling and Testing [VCT]; and effective preventive measures should be taken

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti children and adolescents

To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among 6- to 18-year-old Kuwaiti children. Children with type 2 diabetes were identified at 182 schools [50 primary, 63 intermediate, and 69 secondary] randomly selected using the 2000/2001 educational districts' registers as a sampling frame. Prevalence rates were adjusted to the 2002 Kuwaiti population. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was based on the World Health Organization and the American Diabetes Association criteria. Type 2 diabetes was identified in 45 of the 128,918 children surveyed, thereby giving an overall prevalence of 34.9 per 100,000 [95% confidence interval [CI] 24.7-45.1]. There was a significant difference in prevalence between males [47.3, 95% CI 28.7-65.8] and females [26.3, 95% CI 14.8-37.8] at p = 0.05 and a significant trend for an increase in prevalence of type 2 diabetes with age [p = 0.026]. The overall age-adjusted prevalence rate in the 2002 Kuwaiti population was 33.2 [95% CI 26.6-39.9], 41.6 [95% CI 31.2-52.0] in male and 24.6 [95% CI 16.4-32.7] in female children; the difference was significant at p = 0.013. There was no significant difference in prevalence between regions. Children with type 2 diabetes had a significantly higher frequency [51.1%] of a positive family history of diabetes than children of a similar age without type 2 diabetes [22.2%] [p = 0.004]. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adult Kuwaitis is spreading to children and adolescents, making it an emergency public health problem. Efforts need to be initiated to address prevention strategies of type 2 diabetes in youth