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Aims@#Campylobacter is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, particularly in developed countries and is reported to show an increased trend in antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter in wild birds, poultry and in poultry environments in Selangor, Malaysia as well as to determine the rate of antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter isolates from poultry and wild birds. @*Methodology and results@#The wild birds were trapped near poultry farm areas and in open areas which were more than 5 km away from poultry farms (refered to as open environment). Of 57 wild birds trapped near the farm environment, 17.5% were positive for Campylobacter and out of these, 90% were Campylobacter jejuni. Of a total of 77 birds in the open environment, 22.1% were positive for Campylobacter and of these 88.7% were C. jejuni. The poultry farms consisted of 3 chicken and 2 duck farms. About 60% of the chickens and 44.8% of the ducks were positive for Campylobacter of which 80% were C. jejuni, while 20% were Campylobacter coli. The Campylobacter isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using disk diffusion method against 12 antibiotics. All the isolates (100%) from wild birds around poultry houses were resistant to at least one antibiotic. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The findings showed 93% of the isolates from wild birds were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Campylobacter isolates from poultry in the farms were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The antibiotic resistant Campylobacter is of public health importance.
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@#Aims:Campylobacter infection is one of the leading bacterial food-borne illness and most frequently reported in humans in developed countries. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Campylobacterand the risk factors associated with their occurrence in broiler chicken meat retailed in markets. Methodology and results:A total of 210 samples consisting of 140 chicken meat and 70 swabs from weighing scales and cutting boards were collected. Isolates were cultured by passive filtration method, identified by biochemical tests and confirmed using PCR assay.Thirty-two(32/210) 15.2% were positive for Campylobacterof which (25/210) 11.9%, (6/210) 2.9% and (1/210) 0.5% were Campylobacter jejuni, C.coli andC.upsaliensis respectively. The isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin (62.5%), enrofloxacin (56.3%) and nalidixic acid (50.0%), while only 3.1% were resistant to streptomycin. Multidrug resistant isolates (resistance to at least one antibiotics in three classes or more) was high at 71.9%. The risk factors significantly (p<0.05) associated with Campylobactercontamination on chicken’smeat included poor workers hygiene {OR: 5.250 (95% CI: 0.988-27.895)}, wearing improper work attire {OR: 2.700 (95% CI: 1.144-6.374)}, poor protective equipment {OR 38.50 (95% CI: 2.915-508.463)}, poor environment/stall hygiene {OR 44.00 (95% CI: 2.193-882.66)}, and using tiled counter top surface {OR 6.667 (95% CI: 0.597-74.506). Conclusion, significance and impact of study:The finding of this study affirmed that lack or poor work hygiene, unclean environmental stall and protective equipment are associated with high occurrence of multidrug resistant Campylobacterspecies isolated from chicken meat
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Background: Atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of morbidity, mortality and cost burden in the medical community. New studies have found atherosclerosis to be predominantly an inflammatory reaction of vessel wall
Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: Atherosclerosis, thrombotic heart diseases, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, pathology of atherosclerosis, treatment of atherosclerosis
Aim: In this review, we evaluated the pathogenesis, risk factors and management of atherosclerosis
Conclusion: More studies must be done to offer better management, even though massive success was achieved in the past decades. Also healthy population must be encouraged to avoid risk factors that cause such pathologies
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This study was performed in Radiation and Isotopes Center of Khartoum [RICK] and National Cancer Institute [NCI] University of Gazeria. It focused in patients who treated in period of 2008-2009. The study investigated the risk factor and causative factors and geographical distribution over Sudan States and relationship of incidence with some patient's customs and dietary habits like in Sudan. This study summarizes recent scientific evidence of environmental and occupational links to nearly 30 types of cancer. The study presents the state of the evidence on causal associations between environmental and occupational exposures and specific cancer types. The discussion of each cancer type is introduced by highlights of trends in incidence and mortality rates. The study considers additional indications that involuntary exposures are linked to cancers, such as patterns observed in different geographic areas and among different populations, including patterns of cancer in children. The purpose of this study is to review scientific evidence, particularly epidemiologic evidence, regarding the contribution of environmental and occupational exposures to the overall cancer burden in the Sudan. The study was discussed that widespread general exposures of air and water pollution, the work environment, exposures resulting from personal habits such as smoking and drinking, and the diet, the concern that involuntary exposures to substances in the air, water, and work environment are major contributors to cancer in humans has persisted. In the past three decades, there have been several efforts to estimate the proportion of cancer due to these involuntary exposures, starting with an ambitious effort by different scientists and more recently by another group. In this study, we review the evidence that scientists have summarized, and their resulting estimates of the proportion of cancer due to various factors. The study provided an alternative interpretation of the evidence and a caution against the very idea of attributing specific fractions or proportions of cancer to particular factors. We conclude the study by recommending that environmental and occupational links to cancer be given serious consideration by individuals and institutions concerned with cancer prevention, particularly those involved in research and public education
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The study was conducted at the Radiation and Isotopes Center of Khartoum [RICK] during the period April 2009- August 2009. The aim of the study was to verify the superimposition of light and radiation field size on Cobalt-60 machine using image processing technique. The portal films used in the test were scanned using digitizer scanner. Then they analyzed using Interactive Digital Language [IDL] program to show the superimposition, in which more concentration was made on field center and borders, provided that the analysis included the four borders of the two fields. Both the standard deviation and the mean methods were used in the analysis process. For all score variations in this study t-test had been performed. P-value was calculated to show if there was any significant impact of each light and radiation field size variation. The result was as follows [10.0 X10.0cm], Medical physicist score was [10.3 +/- 0.11608 X 10.3 +/- 0.099861 cm] and the field size that calculates by computerized score using IDL program was [9.9 +/- 0.036049 X 9.9 +/- 0.01123 cm]. This indicates that the was within the acceptable limits for the automatic reading, as compared with the manual reading in which the penumbra was [8mm] which was very high and risky for the treatment process
Subject(s)
Light , Cobalt Radioisotopes , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , X-Ray FilmABSTRACT
This is a prospective, descriptive, hospital-based study, to determine maternal mortality ratio with regard to obstetric hemorrhage in Khartoum from first of January 2007 to 30th of June 2008. Maternal deaths were immediately reviewed in all maternity units in Khartoum state hospitals. Causes of death were diagnosed on clinical grounds; autopsy was done only for three medico-legal cases. There were 130 maternal deaths reported out of 105210 live births; maternal mortality ratio is 124/100000 live births, 107 cases [82.3%] were due to direct obstetric causes, while 23 cases [17.7%] were from indirect causes. Obstetric hemorrhage was the main direct cause of death 29.2%, 76.3% due to post partum hemorrhage, it affects low risk groups, only 21% were grand-multiparae and 68.8% had no significant abnormal obstetric history, 42.1% did not present with hemorrhage, and 39.5% had no blood transfusion Most of patients [68.4%] died within first 24 hours from admission. This study showed that home delivery, late consultation, suboptimal intra-partum or intraoperative care, late intervention, unavailability of blood or blood substances and poor referral system are the main factors behind maternal deaths
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Cancellation of scheduled surgical operations on the day of surgery at hospitals upsets the patients and causes great concern to the relatives. It is also a major drain on health resources as the theatre costs increase and its efficiency decreases. The objective of this study is to estimate the frequency of cancellation of scheduled elective surgical operations on the day of surgery and to study the reasons for cancellation at El Obeid Teaching Hospital, Western Sudan. This is a prospective observational study. All the patients who had their major general surgical operations cancelled on the day of surgery during the year 2007 were included. The information were collected in a pre-formed questionnaire containing the patient characteristics, clinical diagnosis, intended operation, proposed anaesthesia and the exact reasons for cancellation. There were 1633 elective major general surgical operations performed during the study period. 162 cases [9.9%] were cancelled, eighty nine patients [55%] were females. The mean age was 46.5 years. The causes of cancellations were 34.6% patient related, 32.1% staff related and 33.3% procedural reasons. Cancellation of scheduled surgical operations on the day of surgery is a significant problem which annoys patients, increases the costs and decreases the efficiency of utilization of the theatre facilities. The reasons for cancellation were discussed. With better arrangements, the majority of the reasons can be avoided
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Cancellation of scheduled surgical operations on the day of surgery at hospitals upsets the patients and causes great concern to the relatives. It is also a major drain on health resources as the theatre costs increase and its efficiency decreases. The objective of this study is to estimate the frequency of cancellation of scheduled elective surgical operations on the day of surgery and to study the reasons for cancellation at El Obeid Teaching Hospital, Western Sudan. This is a prospective observational study. All the patients who had their major general surgical operations cancelled on the day of surgery during the year 2007 were included. The information were collected in a preformed questionnaire containing the patient characteristics, clinical diagnosis, intended operation, proposed anaesthesia and the exact reasons for cancellation. There were 1633 elective major general surgical operations performed during the study period. 162 cases [9.9%] were cancelled, eighty nine patients [55%] were females. The mean age was 46.5 years. The causes of cancellations were 34.6% patient related, 32.1% staff related and 33.3% procedural reasons. Cancellation of scheduled surgical operations on the day of surgery is a significant problem which annoys patients, increases die costs and decreases the efficiency of utilization of the theatre facilities. The reasons for cancellation were discussed. With better arrangements, the majority of the reasons can be avoided
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Aged , Adult , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Hospitals, TeachingABSTRACT
Nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) exerts immunomodulatory effect in patients with atopic dermatitis and it may contribute to airway inflammation and allergic response in patients with allergic rhinitis. We Aim to investigate the frequency of nasal S.aureus carriage in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis and its possible influence on their symptoms and immune markers. We chosed 20 non smoker patients with house dust mite (HDM) allergy causing allergic rhinitis and 20 non smoker healthy subjects matched for age and sex. For all subjects rhinoscopy was done; skin prick test; nasal culture for S.aureus; nasal interleukin 4;nasal total IgE; serum total IgE and serum specific IgE(SSIgE) for HDM. Nasal S.aureus was detected in 16/20 patients (80) and 5/20 (25) in healthy subjects with highly significant statistical difference p0.01. Correlation of nasal staph.aureus count and different systemic and local immune markers revealed highly significant positive correlation between nasal S.aureus count and serum total IgE (r
Subject(s)
Nasal Cavity , Rhinitis , Staphylococcus aureusABSTRACT
Nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) exerts immunomodulatory effect in patients with atopic dermatitis and it may contribute to airway inflammation and allergic response in patients with allergic rhinitis. We Aim to investigate the frequency of nasal S.aureus carriage in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis and its possible influence on their symptoms and immune markers. We chosed 20 non smoker patients with house dust mite (HDM) allergy causing allergic rhinitis and 20 non smoker healthy subjects matched for age and sex. For all subjects rhinoscopy was done; skin prick test; nasal culture for S.aureus; nasal interleukin 4;nasal total IgE; serum total IgE and serum specific IgE(SSIgE) for HDM. Nasal S.aureus was detected in 16/20 patients (80) and 5/20 (25) in healthy subjects with highly significant statistical difference p0.01. Correlation of nasal staph.aureus count and different systemic and local immune markers revealed highly significant positive correlation between nasal S.aureus count and serum total IgE (r
Subject(s)
Nasal Cavity , Rhinitis , Staphylococcus aureusABSTRACT
To evaluate the role of emergency laparotomy in patients presenting with acute sigmoid volvulus at EI Obeid Teaching Hospital, Western Sudan. The records of 22 patients with acute sigmoid volvulus who were offered emergency laparotomy and admitted to the wards of the University Surgical Unit at EI Obeid Teaching Hospital, Western Sudan over 4 years, were studied. They were 18 males and four females. The mean age [[ +/- SD] was 59.7 [ +/- 14. 16] years. Patients had viable bowel for which detortion, deflation and colopexy were done. Eight patients had sigmoid colectomy later. Six patients had gangrenous bowel and underwent immediate resection and anastomosis, following which one patient died [4.5%]. Eight patients were lost in follow up. Emergency laparotomy for sigmoid volvulus may be overdone. A conservative decompression sigmoidoscopy with de rotation and tube deflation should be tried in such patients, with plans for colectomy later
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This study is a comparative prospective cohort study testing the hypothesis that "there will be positive and established effects of each quality type of antenatal care intervention on neonatal survival at birth" by disproving the alternative hypothesis. A sample of 236 deliveries was selected. All the respondents were primigravidae with their quality type antenatal care recorded AIl pregnancies outcome [still-or-live birth] was examined and then recorded together with mothers' health state. Further analysis was carried out using log-linear and logistic regression. Aecarding to the applied scoring system 98 were sorted out as "good" women, 55 as "moderate" and 83 as "bad" in terms of their state of health. Women, who received "good" antenatal care, were 106. Only 2 [1.08%] had stillborn babies, while 57 who received "moderate" antenatal care had 8 [14.03%] stillbirths. Those who received no services [73] ended with 16 [21.09%] stillborn babies. Data was standardized for the influence of antenatci care, coded, computed and conclusions driven. Women having good health and receiving good antenatal care services are more likely to have live-born babies in opposition to those who had bad health and had no antenatal care. The odds of having a live-birth is 11.807 greater among women who had good antenatal care and good health than those who lacked good health and had no antenatal care services. Different combinations of variables could also show that antenatal care is the decisive variable in pregnancy desirable outcome [live-birth]. The frequency of stillbirth was very high [31.11%] among women categories "bad health" and "no antenatal care" Adequacy of antenatal care is strongly and consistently associated with birth outcome
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Survival Rate , Infant Mortality , Pregnancy Outcome , Stillbirth , Health Status , Live Birth , Women's Health ServicesABSTRACT
Drug utilization and antibiotic use in the primary health care centres in Sharjah were studied before and after an intervention by the Antibiotics Control Committee. Prescriptions and patient records were reviewed and analysed based on World Health Organization methodology. Before intervention, the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.8, the average consultation time was 10.8 minutes, the average dispensing time was 89 seconds and 92% of visits resulted in a prescription, of which antibiotics constituted 45%. Following intervention, the percentage of prescriptions with antibiotics and the percentage of visits resulting in a prescription were significantly reduced