Clinico-pathological study of 22 eyes of retinoblastoma in Sharkia governorate

This work aimed at studying the natural history of retinoblastoma [Rb] in our locality in addition to its potential histogenesis and prognostic markers .A series of [22] eyes with Rb of [19] patients were studied clinically [using indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral indentation under general anaestheisa, ultrasonography and CT scanning] and histopathologically [using Hx and E stained sections, special stains and immunohistochemistry for neuron specific enolase [NSE]]. Metastatic disease work up was done during follow up period of at least 12 months.All cases were diagnosed in children less than 5 years of age [mean of 31 months for unilateral cases and 18 months for bilateral cases]. Male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Leukocoria and strabismus were most common mode of presentation [64%], [18%] respectively. Hx and E stained sections revealed that [75%] of eyes showed the trabecular pattern and [50%] showed the glomeruloid pattern. Homer Wright [H.W.] rosettes were seen in various degrees in all tumours [abundant in well differentiated tumour and few in poorly differentiated one]. Rb cells demonstrated varying degrees of positive or negative reaction to NSE, most Flexner-Winsterstenier [F.W.] and H.W. rosettes being positive and Fleurettes weakly positive or negative. Metastatic disease of retinoblastoma was related mainly to optic nerve invasion reaching the resection margin [75%] and poor tumour differentiation [80%].Regarding the natural history of retinoblastoma in this study, leukocoria and strabismus are the most common modes of presentation. Cases with bilateral lesions tend to present at younger age group. Immunohistochemical findings suggest that Rb is a primitive stem cell neuroectodermal tumour with capability for differentiation in both neural and neuroglial directions. The two main prognostic markers for metastatic disease are optic nerve invasion reaching the resection margin and poor tumour differentiation

Lupus anticoagulant an additional risk factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

During the past decade there has been growing concern for the role of lupus anticoagulant [LA] as a link between the immunological and haemostatic systems in the mechanism ofendothelial alteration in type one diabetic microangiopathy. This work aimed at studying the possible relation between lupus anticoagulant positivity and diabetic retinopathy [DR] as an evidence of clinically manifest diabetic microangiopathy in type one diabetes mellitus [type 1 DM] patients, regarding its incidence, severity and response to laser therapy. The study was conducted on 60 subjects who were classified into two main groups. Patients group: fifty type 1 DM patients, mean age +/- SD [3 8 +/- 8.7] years, mean duration of diabetes +/- SD [12.4 +/- 1.9] years. Patients with poor glycemic control [HbA> 7%], border line hypertension [> 140/90mm Hg], hypercholesterolemia [> 5.6 mmol/L], hyper trigluyceridaemia [> 1.9 mmol/L] or any others systemic diseases were excluded. According to laboratory investigations [coagulation screen including prothrombin time [PT], partial thromboplastin time [PTT], Fibrinogen, activated protein C [Apc], prothrombin degradaton products [F[1]+2] lupus anticoagulant titre [LA titre]. Patients were classified into LA +ve patients [18] LA -ve patients [32]. Dilated fundus examination was done for all patients DR was classified into non proliferative diabetic retinopathy [NPDR] and proliferative diabetic retinopathy [PDR] and according to response to laser therapy PDR patients were classified into active proliferative diabetic retinopathy laser [active PDRL] and quiescent PDRL. Control group: Ten apparently healthy individuals, age and sex matched with patients' group. A significant decrease in Apc concentration and increase in F[1]+2 plasma level were noticed in LA + ve group compared with LA -ve and control groups [P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively]. The incidence of DR was significantly higher in LA +ve group [77.78%] than LA -ve one [31.25%] [P < 0.001]. In particular a significantly higher percentage of PDR patients was observed in LA +ve [71.43%] compared to LA -ve ones [40% p<0.001]. There was a significantly higher LA titter in patients with PDR than those with NPDR [p < 0.05]. With application of laser therapy to patients with PDR, 70% of LA +ve showed minimal or no improvement [PDRL active] while only 25% of LA -ve did so during the follow up period of 8-12 weeks. In conclusion this study can suggests that lupus anticoagulant positivity might be an additional risk factor in the pathogenesis of DR affecting not only its incidence but also its severity, and even response to laser therapy. If this concept is true it would offer more weapons [antithrombotic, profibrinolytics, and cytoprotective] to the antidiabetic retinopathy campaign that might have a favourable outcome on prevention and /or retardation of progression of that relatively common complication with markedly puzzling aetiopathogenesis and before the need for laser treatments which always destroy the retinal anatomy