Formulation and in vitro evaluation of a cosmetic emulsion from almond oil

Several processes are used for the manufacture of multiple emulsions. The most widely used procedure is two step method. 1st step consists of preparing a primary emulsion. In the 2nd step, a definite amount of this primary emulsion is dispersed in an external phase containing the secondary emulsifier. Although it is a simple method, the 2nd step of the procedure includes many critical factors. In this work water-in-oil-in-water w/o/w multiple emulsion was prepared by using almond oil, Abil-EM 90, magnesium sulfate, Tween 80. The multiple emulsion was prepared by using two-step process. Stability studies of this multiple emulsion were carried out at different storage conditions i.e. 8°C, 25°C, 40°C and 40°C+ 75% relative humidity [RH] for 28 days. It was found that samples of multiple emulsion stored at 8°C, 25°C were stable through out the study period but samples stored at 40°C and 40°C+ 75% RH were found to show some changes in color, liquefaction and phase separation from third week. The changes in pH values and electrical conductivity of multiple emulsions stored at these storage conditions were also measured. Globules sizes of multiple emulsion were also measured at these storage conditions. Results indicate that there were significant changes in pH values and electrical conductivity of multiple emulsion stored at different conditions and non significant changes in globule sizes of multiple emulsion stored at these conditions were observed

effect of binders on the bioavailability of ofloxacin tablets in human volunteers

The bioavailability of ofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone widely used in the treatment of bacterial infection varies different with different binders used in the formulation of tablets due to different binding properties and variable release characteristics. In this study, two formulations of ofloxacin were prepared. The only difference between them was of binder. The two binders used were gelatin and starch. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of tablets was performed. Eight healthy human volunteers were selected for this study, and were divided into two groups each consisting of 4 volunteers. First group was given formulation 1 with gelatin as binder. Each volunteer received 200 mg ofloxacin tablet. Volunteers of the second group were given formulation 2 with starch as binder. After one week wash out period, volunteers of the first group received formulation 2 and volunteers of second group received formulation 1 Blood samples were collected at different time intervals. The drug concentrations in plasma were assayed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters of formulation 1 were C [max] 1.4412 +/- 1.8367 micro g/ml, t [max] was 1.00 +/- 0.00 hours, AUC 8.6804 +/- 0.8346 micro g.h/ml, AUMC 43.017 +/- 0.2893 micro g.h [2] /ml, MRT 4.8869 +/- 1.3587 hours, Ke 0.2067 +/- 6.9207, T [1/2] 3.3886 +/- 1.6321 hours, Vd 113.826 +/- 0.2983 L/Kg, Vss 4.833 +/- 0.9138 L/Kg, Cl 23.595 +/- 0.5070 ml/h/Kg. For Formulation 2 these values were 1.515 +/- 1.5898 micro g/ml, 0.5 +/- 0.00 hours, 9.0317 +/- 0.8805 micro g.h/ml, 35.4486 +/- 0.3337 micro g.h [2] /ml, 3.8798 +/- 1.4668 hours, 0.2606 +/- 6.0291, 2.68 +/- L 76 hours, 86.609 +/- 0.3354 L/Kg, 5.94 +/- 0.84 L/Kg, 22.580 +/- 0.5333 ml/h/Kg respectively. Statistical analysis was performed and it was found that the formulation 1 [formulated with gelatin] released the drug slightly greater than the formulation 2 within two hours after its administration. There was highly significant difference between mean residence time, elimination rate constant, half life and volume of distribution between both of the formulations. Therefore, formulation 2 has greater bioavailability than the formulation L Thus it can be concluded that the binder can affect the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug

Effect of antidiarrhoeal formulation against barium sulphate induced small intestinal transit and castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats

Alcoholic extract of antidiarrhoeal formulation [ADF] containing Holarrhena antidysentrica, Aegle marmelos and Punica granatum was investigated for antidiarrhoeal activity against barium sulphate induced small intestinal transit and castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats. The control, standard and test groups of experimental animals were administered with distilled water, lomotil and ADF [250 mg and 500 mg/kg] orally. Barium sulphate and castor oil were administered after 15 and 60 min. respectively in each group of first and second experiment. The distance travelled by barium sulphate in small intestine was measured after 15 and 30 min. of barium sulphate administration and diarrhoea was observed every 30 min. for 6 hours after castor oil administration. The study showed that ADF caused significant reduction in the distance travelled by barium sulphate and castor oil induced diarrhoea. Thus ADF may have the potential to reduce the diarrhoea in rats