ABSTRACT
Purpose@#Bovine respiratory disease is a worldwide health concern in the feedlot cattle causing morbidity and mortality in young with major economic losses to the producer. Programs of vaccination are integral parts of preventive health programs. We aim to prepare and evaluate lyophilized combined inactivated viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV] genotypes 1 and 2, bovine herpes virus type 1.1 [BoHV-1.1], bovine parainfluenza-3 virus [BPI-3V], and bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV]) vaccine using saponin as a solvent and adjuvant in cattle. @*Materials and Methods@#Lyophilized Pneumo-5 vaccine was formulated to include the inactivated BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV. The saponin solution was used as an adjuvant and solvent. The prepared vaccines were adjusted to contain 1- and 1.5-mg saponin/dose. It was evaluated for its sterility, safety, and potency in mice and calves. The antibody titers in vaccinated calves were measured by virus neutralization test and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @*Results@#The Pneumo-5 vaccine was found to be free from any contaminants and safe in mice. Meanwhile, the vaccine showed safety in calves which inoculated intramuscularly with the double dose of the vaccines. The overall immune response reached its peak in the 2ndmonth post-vaccination. The vaccine contained saponin 1.5 mg/dose reached its antibodies peak in the 4th-week post-vaccination. All groups of vaccinated calves with both concentrations of the saponin did not show statistical significance in antibody titers measured by serum neutralization test and/or ELISA. @*Conclusion@#The prepared vaccine, namely Pneumo-5, and adjuvanted with either 1 or 1.5 mg/dose saponin was proved safe and potent for effectual protection of calves against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#Bovine respiratory disease is a worldwide health concern in the feedlot cattle causing morbidity and mortality in young with major economic losses to the producer. Programs of vaccination are integral parts of preventive health programs. We aim to prepare and evaluate lyophilized combined inactivated viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV] genotypes 1 and 2, bovine herpes virus type 1.1 [BoHV-1.1], bovine parainfluenza-3 virus [BPI-3V], and bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV]) vaccine using saponin as a solvent and adjuvant in cattle. @*Materials and Methods@#Lyophilized Pneumo-5 vaccine was formulated to include the inactivated BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV. The saponin solution was used as an adjuvant and solvent. The prepared vaccines were adjusted to contain 1- and 1.5-mg saponin/dose. It was evaluated for its sterility, safety, and potency in mice and calves. The antibody titers in vaccinated calves were measured by virus neutralization test and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @*Results@#The Pneumo-5 vaccine was found to be free from any contaminants and safe in mice. Meanwhile, the vaccine showed safety in calves which inoculated intramuscularly with the double dose of the vaccines. The overall immune response reached its peak in the 2ndmonth post-vaccination. The vaccine contained saponin 1.5 mg/dose reached its antibodies peak in the 4th-week post-vaccination. All groups of vaccinated calves with both concentrations of the saponin did not show statistical significance in antibody titers measured by serum neutralization test and/or ELISA. @*Conclusion@#The prepared vaccine, namely Pneumo-5, and adjuvanted with either 1 or 1.5 mg/dose saponin was proved safe and potent for effectual protection of calves against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV.
ABSTRACT
TYPE 2 diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions, and one of its ominous complications, diabetic nephropathy [DN], represents today the leading cause of end-stage renal failure [ESRF]. A large amount of evidence supports the hypothesis that a panel of growth factors, are involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy through a complex intra renal system. This study was applied to study the changes in the blood levels of transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF] in diabetic patients with and without nephropathy, and to investigate whether they were associated with renal impairment. Such information is crucial to determining the optimal approach to the treatment and prevention of the disease
Methods: 51 subjects were enrolled in the study, and were divided into three groups; the first group consisted of 12 healthy subjects; the second of 17 patients with type 2 diabetes without nephropathy [normoalbuminuric]; and the third group of 22 patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy [macroalbuminuric]. Growth factors determination was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]
Results: Serum TGF-beta and bFGF values showed significant elevation in both diabetic groups as compared to healthy subjects [P<0.001], with insignificant difference between both diseased groups. Serum VEGF levels, on the other hand, were significantly elevated in patients with DN as compared to both healthy subjects and diabetics without renal impairment [P<0.001]. Serum VEGF showed significant direct correlation with serum creatinine [r= 0.490, P= 0.006], serum urea [r= 0.537, P= 0.0004], and serum bFGF [r=0.372, P=0.02]. Significant direct correlation was also recorded between serum TGF-beta and both serum creatinine [r=0.401, P=0.011], and serum VEGF [r=0.341, P=0.034]
Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that a network of growth factors may participate in the development of renal functional impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further insight into the complex processes that regulate this network may be useful in the future development of new antagonists useful in the treatment of diabetic Kidney disease