role of child abuse and neglect in predicting the early maladaptive schemas domain

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of child abuse and neglect in predicting the early maladaptive schemas domains. This is a causal-comparative research. Sampling was performed using multistage clustering and simple random sampling methods. 500 individuals constituted the preliminary sample. After identifying 140 abused individuals, they were compared to 140 ordinary persons. In order to collect the data, the 53-item version of Bernstein Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ], and Yang Schema Questionnaire: Short Form 2 [YSQ-SF2] were used. To analyze the data, multivariate regression coefficient enter method was deployed. Results showed that about 24% of the variance of the disconnection and rejection maladaptive schema domain, as well as 12% of the variance of the impaired autonomy and performance maladaptive schema domain were explained by the emotional abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect. 13% of the other-directedness maladaptive schema domain variance, 6% of the impaired limits maladaptive schema domain, and 5% of the overvigilance and inhibition maladaptive schema domain variance were explained by the emotional abuse. According to the findings, it can be concluded that one could predict schemas and their respective domains with regards to abused children. Abused children are likely to develop maladaptive schemas and cognitive distortions due to the dull and harsh atmosphere of the family and its unhealthy environment.

Depression and uncertainty in cardiac patients

The aim of this study was to comparison of depression and uncertainty in cardiac patient and normal persons. The present study has been done in a form of casual-comparative on 60 persons at the Bookan city hospital. In the present study, Beck Depression Inventory [1988], and Fristone Uncertainty Scale [1994] were employed to gather the required data. For data analysis, Manova, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods by SPSS-19 was used. Finding supported, the rate of depression and uncertainty were higher in coronary heart disease than normal persons. There is meaningful relationship between depression and uncertainty [p=0.01]. The result of regression analysis showed that about 14% of depression variance was predicted by uncertainty. Results supported that depression and uncertainty are associated with CHD. These results for the use of psychological interventions focusing on depression and uncertainty in the prevention and treatment of Coronary Heart Disease can be important in treating cardiac patients.

[Comparison of memory writing style in patients with disorders, schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar mood]

Introduction: Mental disorders difficultly are detected because not associated with physical defects. When disorders have signs and symptoms are very similar, the problem is much. The main goal of this study was survey of comparison of memory writing style in patients with disorders, schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar mood

Materials and Methods: Research methods of this study were after the events, the type of case-control on 60 patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar mood of Fatemi and Eisar hospital in Ardabil city in 2008. Participants were chosen with sampling available method. Data were collected using clinical interview questionnaire and symptoms of positive and negative questionnaire [PANSS]. For data analysis variance methods was used

Results: Findings showed that the average age of patients was 68.07 +/- 10.36 years. There was no difference between groups from education level, marital status, occupation and age. Difference between groups was significant of the number of days hospitalization [P<0.01]. Patients memories of bipolar mood was variation than other groups [schizoaffective, schizophrenia] that there is statistically significant [P<0.01]. Schizophrenia patients in comparison with other two groups were higher writing irregularities that there is statistically significant [P<0.01]. Schizophrenia patients in comparison with other two groups were lower average number of emotional words that there is statistically significant [P<0.01]

Conclusion: The results showed the average number of memories emotional words in schizophrenia patients less than schizoaffective and bipolar mood patients, and schizoaffective patients less than bipolar mood patients. Also manner of writing, schizophrenia patients were higher writing irregularities compare with schizoaffective and bipolar mood patients and this writing irregularities schizoaffective patients more than bipolar mood patients

[Effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation trainings on physical and psychological well-being among chemical weapon victims]

Chemical weapon victims are suffering from physical difficulties and psychological trainings may help to decrease these problems. The purpose of this research was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation training on physical and psychological well-being in chemical weapon victims. An experimental, pre-post and follow-up study designed. Forty seven chemical weapon victims men with low mental health in Sardasht city [North-Western Iran] randomly selected and assigned into three groups: 1-Mindfulness training group 2- Emotion regulation training group and 3- Control group. The first two groups were received mindfulness-based stress education training and emotion regulation training respectively, while no training provided for control group. Data was collected using the General Health Questionnaire, and Physical Syndromes Scale. Analysis of variance with repeated measure was used for analyzing the data. Results indicated that mindfulness and emotion regulation were significantly improved physical syndromes and mental health in chemical weapon victims. Also, the effectiveness of mindfulness in follow-up scores of physical syndromes and in post-test and follow-up scores of mental health was higher than the base line scores [P<0.01].Our findings confirmed effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation on improvement of physical syndromes and mental health in chemical weapon victims. Therefore, mindfulness and emotion regulation training could be suggested for improvement of physical and psychological well-being among chemical weapon victims

Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy methods in the Treatment of stress disorder

According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing [EMDR] and cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT] were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress. In this case-control study, 51 combatants with PTSD hospitalized in Isar Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil were randomly divided to three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools included boring memories test, subjective units of distress or anxiety [SUD] scale, validity of cognitions [VOC] scale and hospital anxiety and depression scale. EMDR and CBT significantly decreased boring memories, mental distress, anxiety and depression, and also increased positive cognition. Although both EMDR and CBT caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression, EMDR was superior to CBT in reduction of PTSD symptoms of Iranian combatants. Regarding efficacy of EMDR and CBT in the treatment of PTSD, it is suggested to prevent and decrease symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]

[Comparison of executive functions among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disability and normal children]

The present research was conducted to compare the executive functions among the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], learning disability [LD] and normal children. Samples of this comparative study were students of 3rd to 6th grades of normal elementary schools and schools for mentally disabled children in 2005 in Ardabil city, north western part of Iran. Sixty subjects [20 ADHD boys, 20 LD and 20 normal children] were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data gathering was done by Conners' questionnaire for ADHD, hearts and flowers test, Simons 1 and 2, visual search and Raven intelligence scales. The multiple analysis of variance [MANOVA] and least significant difference [LSD] post hoc tests were used to analyze data. The results revealed that there is a significant difference in executive functions among three groups [P<0.00]. ADHD children obtained higher scores in working memory in comparison with LD group [P<0.05], but had not a significant difference in inhibition [P>0.05]. Children of LD group obtained lower scores in both inhibition and working memory in comparison with normal group. Children suffering from LD are more impaired in executive functions in comparison with normal and ADHD groups

On the relationship between coping strategies and mental health of diabetic patients

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common chronic illnesses which endanger mental health. The present study was planned to assess the relationship between mental health of diabetic patients and their coping strategies. In this cross-sectional study 193 patients who were referred to diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital were selected by available sampling method in Ardabil city [north western part of Iran] in 2006. Samples were assessed by General Health Questionnaire-28 and Folkman-Lazarus questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 13 software, using logistic regression analysis and independent t tests. Fifty four percents of diabetic patients were suspected to have a mental disorder and need more diagnostic assessments. Escape-avoidance [P<0.001], confronting [P<0.01] and plan-full problem solving coping strategies [P<0.01] could predict the mental health in diabetic patients. Inappropriate and emotion-based coping strategies throw patients in vicious cycle of medical and mental illnesses; for example, escape-avoidance method could predict the mental health in diabetic patients

[ correlation of sense of coherence and type-D personality with health in coronary artery patients]

There are many studies confirmed the role of psychological elements in etiology of coronary artery diseases and their progressive course. The aim of the present research was to investigate the correlation of sense of coherence and type-D personality with health in coronary artery diseases. In this correlational study, 60 patients with coronary artery disease were selected among patients who had referred to cardiology clinic of Heshmat Hospital [summer 2009] in Rasht City, northern part of Iran. For all patients, sense of coherence scale, type-D personality scale and health survey questionnaire were fulfilled. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that sense of coherence [r=0.22] and type-D personality [r= -0.62] were significantly related to health of patients with coronary artery disease [P<0.05]. The results of multiple regression showed that only negative affect component predicted the health in patients with coronary artery disease. The results indicated that high level of negative affect reduces health in patients with coronary artery disease