ABSTRACT
Background: Engineered molecular scissors invention beside their ability to conduct site-specific modification of the genome hold great promise for effective functional analyses of genes, genomes and epigenomes. These technologies could improve researchers' understanding of the molecular underpinnings of disease states and facilitate novel medical genetic therapeutic applications. The CRISPR/Cas9 system's simplicity, facile engineering and amenability to multiplexing make it the system of choice for many applications. CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to generate disease models to study genetic diseases. It is expected that in the near future researchers will refinement this technology in various aspects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, including the system's precision, delivery and control over the outcome of the on-targrt activity during repair process. Here, we discuss the CRISPR/Cas9 history, type of CRISPR systems, the status of this technology in the field of genome editing and its use in new treatments for diseases such as genetics, cancer, etc
ABSTRACT
Cancer is one of the main reasons of mortality worldwide, and more than 90 percent of cancer deaths are due to metastasis. Although primary tumors are curable using chemical adjuvant therapy or surgery, metastatic tumors are mostly incurable. This resistance shows the high rate of mortality among patients with metastatic disease. Being a sequential event, metastasis is a subtle and intricate process in which tumor cells undergo a plenty of changes and acquire the capacity of migration, invasion, survival and self-renewal which all are necessary for metastasis to happen. The key point in recognition and cure in invasive cancers is to identify critical genes, proteins and pathways involved, and show their relation with each other and the disease. Forming metastasis needs favorable genetic and microenvironmental elements of tumor cells and distant tissue, respectively. Unfavorable conditions in each steps of this process lead to arresting metastasis and subsequent dormancy, which is the most important phenomenon in relapse. In this review, benefiting from tens of reliable and recently identified data and personal experiences, it has been tried to draw new patterns associated with metastasis for further investigation. Determining genes, proteins and microenvironmental factors that affect metastasis, in a sequential manner, can help better understanding of this lethal process and subsequently a prosperous treatment
ABSTRACT
Apoptosis, as a programmed cell death, is activated in response to various stresses. Apoptosis is an active and energy need process that many mechanisms and genetic factors control it with specific programs. Apoptotic cells have specific features. Apoptosis acts in many different organic evolutionary stages. Aberrations in regulation of this process can cause many diseases, such as cancers. Different molecules, like miRNAs, have a role in apoptosis process. miRNAs, as regulatory molecules, act in abundant cellular mechanisms. Regarding their function, apoptotic related miRNAs were divided in proapoptotic and antiapoptotic groups. miRNAs target several mRNAs and also themselves were regulated by other genes. This regulatory loop between miRNAs and related genes cause complexity. miRNAs have different expression profile in normal and abnormal cells. Apoptosis and miRNA both act in different processes of tumorigenesis, metastasis and antiogenesis. miRNAs can be used as biomarkers in prevention, prognosis and prevention of different cancers. Advances in knowledge about miRNAs lead to develop new therapeutic trend. Recent researches have suggested using miRNAs involved in apoptosis in the treatment of cancers