ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: In recent decades, the survival rates of the children with cancer have improved significantly and their five-year survival rates have reached 80 percent, but there are still many concerns about the survival of adolescents and young people
Methods and Materials: In this retrospective study, the data of 310 children and adults with leukemia in Kurdistan Province were extracted from their medical records. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis were performed through calculating hazard ratios using Cox relative risk model. Data analysis was carried out using Stata 12 software
Results: This study included 201 adults with mean age of 50.8 years and 109 children with mean age of 5.2 years. The frequency of AML was higher in the adults [30.8 percent], while the frequency of ALL cases was higher in the children [86.2 percent]. The respective one-year and five-year survival rates, were 94.4 percent and 49.5 percent in the adults, and 92.6 percent and 83 percent in the children. The hazard ratios [HR] were 5.18 [95 percent CI: 2.60-13] in the adults with ALL and 4.11 [95 percent CI: 1.55-10.4] in the adults with AML, and 2.78 [95 percent CI: 1.05-7.37] in the patients with CML. Based on the results of multivariate analysis, the rate of mortality in children with ALL was lower [HR=0.26, 95 percent CI: 0.08-0.77]
Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and provision of treatment services for the patients are recommended. Considering the high rate of survival in the patients with ALL especially in children, we recommend provision of appropriate treatment facilities and palliative care services, similar to those in other countries, for the patients with different types of leukemia with high rates of mortality
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Nowadays, Snap-fits are used in the automotive industry as a proper alternative for mechanical joints, cabling joints, and car interior lining joints. Due to the special form of these joints, which are assembled manually, the contact area between Snap-fits and the worker's fingertips can be too small. This can cause skin pain on the worker's fingertips. Therefore, an ergonomic study of these assembly operations can be useful for the automotive industries. This study was thus undertaken to investigate the severity of mechanical stress on fingertips.
Methods: In the first stage, the FEM-Method is used to analyse the influence of some effective factors including gender, age, the thickness of the epidermis of a skilled worker, wearing gloves, amount of force, force angle, and snap-fit material parameters during snap-fit assembly. For this purpose, four thumb models, 50% male and 50% female from 20-29 and from 50-59 years old, are used.
Results: The mechanical stress is directly associated with gender, age, thickness of epidermis, and the amount of force, and inversely associated with wearing gloves, and force angle.
Discussion: The maximum compressive stress and the greater deformation of skin in the male group as compared to the female group is due to the smaller size of women's thumbs and a less thick outer layer of women's skin. Moreover, for old people, a higher elastic modulus leads to a greater stiffness of their skin. Finally, the young people's modulus does not have a significant effect on the maximum compressive stress and total deformation of the skin.