ABSTRACT
Adherence to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive guidelines (ACPG) is an important strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic effectively. The present study aimed to identify and summarize the social determinants of ACPG among the general population. A comprehensive review was performed from December 2019 to February 2021 through searching electronic databases. Two independent reviewers assessed and selected relevant studies. Next, the characteristics and main findings of the included studies were summarized. Finally, the World Health Organization’s conceptual framework of social determinants of health was used to synthesize the identified social determinants of ACPG. Forty-one of 453 retrieved articles met the inclusion criteria. The study results showed different patterns of ACPG among various communities. Furthermore, 84 social determinants were identified and categorized into structural and intermediary determinants. ACPG is a set of complex behaviors associated with different individual sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics; living and working conditions; COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions; exposure to sources and information level; leisure activities; social support; trust; social norms; psychosocial well-being; socio-economic position; and the socio-economic and political context. Interventions to promote ACPG among the general population should consider the identified social determinants of ACPG.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the effect of three different fiber reinforcement strategies on the fracture strength of composite resin restored endodontically treated premolars. Material and Methods: Seventy-two sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were divided into 6 groups (n=12) after endodontic treatment. Group 1: intact teeth (positive control); Group 2: endodontically treated teeth without restoration (negative control); Group 3: composite resin restoration; Group 4: placement of fibers at occlusal position; Group 5: splinting the buccal and palatal walls with horizontal fiber posts; Group 6: placement of fibers at the occlusal position after splinting the buccal and palatal walls with horizontal fiber posts. Then fracture strength was measured at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests at α=0.05. Results: There were significant differences between the negative and positive control groups (p<0.001) and between the negative control group and all the other study groups (p<0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the positive control group and all the experimental groups and between the experimental groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Fiber insertion had no additional reinforcing effect on the fracture strength following composite resin restoration.
Subject(s)
Tensile Strength , Bicuspid , Materials Testing , Composite Resins , Tooth, Nonvital , Analysis of Variance , IranABSTRACT
Canine visceral leishmaniasis [CVL] is a systemic disease with a high mortality rate, caused by a diphasic protozoan parasite, Leishmania infantum/chagasi in the world. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of CVL in the city and suburbs of Kerman, using a range of serological, histopathological and molecular methods. Blood samples were taken from 80 clinically symptomatic stray dogs All the collected blood samples were tested by direct agglutination test [DAT] to detect the anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs, using a cut-off value of >/= 1:320. Pathological specimens including spleen, liver and lymph nodes were prepared for paraffin blocks, sectioning, staining and final microscopic examination in the pathology laboratory. PCR amplification of kDNA from 9 samples of DAT positive stray dogs was studied. The anti-Leishmania antibody was detected in 9 dogs [11.25%] of the total 80 studied dogs. No significant difference was found between VL infection and gender. In contrast, there was a significant difference between seropositivity and age [P<0.05]. Pathological samples showed changes including hyperplasia of infected macrophages and inflammatory cells that occupied sinusoids and splenic cords. Among the samples which was characterized by PCR, only one specimen revealed to be mixed infection between L. infantum and L. tropica. The results revealed a high prevalence of L. infantum infection in stray dogs in Kerman. This kind of information is needed for implementation of future control programs
ABSTRACT
Pain management is very important in tonsillectomy in order to reduce the suffering and restlessness in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of peritonsillar injection of lidocaine and placebo preoperatively on postoperative pain relief. This randomized triple blind clinical trial conducted on sixty 3-12-year-old children who were candidate for tonsillectomy. Children were randomly assigned to lidocaine and placebo groups. Anesthesia inducted similarly for all patients and peritonsillary 1 mg/kg lidocaine [per 2 ml volume] in the first group and 2 ml normal saline in the second group was injected. Pain assessment was performed using the self-report Oucher Scale and CHEOPS. The mean pain score in lidocaine group in 5, 15, 30, 60,120 and 240 minutes after surgery was lower than placebo group but this difference [in Oucher scale] was only statistically significant at 240 minuets after surgery [P =0.03]. The preoperative peritonsillar injection of lidocaine is an effective method of reducing post-tonsillectomy pain in children