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OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are considered to have been cured when the mortality rate of individuals with the disease returns to the same level as expected in the general population. This study aimed to assess the impact of various risk factors on the cure fraction of CRC patients using a real dataset of Iranian CRC patients with a non-mixture non-parametric cure model.METHODS: This study was conducted on the medical records of 512 patients who were definitively diagnosed with CRC at Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2001 to 2007. A non-mixture non-parametric cure rate model was applied to the data after using stepwise selection to identify the risk factors of CRC.RESULTS: For non-cured cases, the mean survival time was 1,243.83 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 1,174.65 to 1,313.00) and the median survival time was 1,493.00 days (95% CI, 1,398.67 to 1,587.33). The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 92.9% (95% CI, 91.0 to 95.0) and 73.4% (95% CI, 68.0 to 79.0), respectively. Pathologic stage T1 of the primary tumor (estimate=0.58; p=0.013), a poorly differentiated tumor (estimate=1.17; p<0.001), a body mass index (BMI) between 18.6 and 24.9 kg/m2 (estimate=−0.60; p=0.04), and a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2 (estimate=−1.43; p<0.001) had significant impacts on the cure fraction of CRC in the multivariate analysis. The proportion of cured patients was 64.1% (95% CI, 56.7 to 72.4).CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the pathologic stage of the primary tumor, tumor grade, and BMI were potential risk factors that had an impact on the cure fraction. A non-mixture non-parametric cure rate model provides a flexible framework for accurately determining the impact of risk factors on the long-term survival of patients with CRC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Body Mass Index , Colorectal Neoplasms , Dataset , Iran , Medical Records , Mortality , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Survival Analysis , Survival RateABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are considered to have been cured when the mortality rate of individuals with the disease returns to the same level as expected in the general population. This study aimed to assess the impact of various risk factors on the cure fraction of CRC patients using a real dataset of Iranian CRC patients with a non-mixture non-parametric cure model. METHODS: This study was conducted on the medical records of 512 patients who were definitively diagnosed with CRC at Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2001 to 2007. A non-mixture non-parametric cure rate model was applied to the data after using stepwise selection to identify the risk factors of CRC. RESULTS: For non-cured cases, the mean survival time was 1,243.83 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 1,174.65 to 1,313.00) and the median survival time was 1,493.00 days (95% CI, 1,398.67 to 1,587.33). The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 92.9% (95% CI, 91.0 to 95.0) and 73.4% (95% CI, 68.0 to 79.0), respectively. Pathologic stage T1 of the primary tumor (estimate=0.58; p=0.013), a poorly differentiated tumor (estimate=1.17; p<0.001), a body mass index (BMI) between 18.6 and 24.9 kg/m2 (estimate=−0.60; p=0.04), and a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2 (estimate=−1.43; p<0.001) had significant impacts on the cure fraction of CRC in the multivariate analysis. The proportion of cured patients was 64.1% (95% CI, 56.7 to 72.4). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the pathologic stage of the primary tumor, tumor grade, and BMI were potential risk factors that had an impact on the cure fraction. A non-mixture non-parametric cure rate model provides a flexible framework for accurately determining the impact of risk factors on the long-term survival of patients with CRC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Body Mass Index , Colorectal Neoplasms , Dataset , Iran , Medical Records , Mortality , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Survival Analysis , Survival RateABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES@#Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are considered to have been cured when the mortality rate of individuals with the disease returns to the same level as expected in the general population. This study aimed to assess the impact of various risk factors on the cure fraction of CRC patients using a real dataset of Iranian CRC patients with a non-mixture non-parametric cure model.@*METHODS@#This study was conducted on the medical records of 512 patients who were definitively diagnosed with CRC at Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2001 to 2007. A non-mixture non-parametric cure rate model was applied to the data after using stepwise selection to identify the risk factors of CRC.@*RESULTS@#For non-cured cases, the mean survival time was 1,243.83 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 1,174.65 to 1,313.00) and the median survival time was 1,493.00 days (95% CI, 1,398.67 to 1,587.33). The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 92.9% (95% CI, 91.0 to 95.0) and 73.4% (95% CI, 68.0 to 79.0), respectively. Pathologic stage T1 of the primary tumor (estimate=0.58; p=0.013), a poorly differentiated tumor (estimate=1.17; p<0.001), a body mass index (BMI) between 18.6 and 24.9 kg/m2 (estimate=−0.60; p=0.04), and a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2 (estimate=−1.43; p<0.001) had significant impacts on the cure fraction of CRC in the multivariate analysis. The proportion of cured patients was 64.1% (95% CI, 56.7 to 72.4).@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study found that the pathologic stage of the primary tumor, tumor grade, and BMI were potential risk factors that had an impact on the cure fraction. A non-mixture non-parametric cure rate model provides a flexible framework for accurately determining the impact of risk factors on the long-term survival of patients with CRC.
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The ability of nematodes to manipulate the immune system of their host towards a Th2 and T regulatory responses has been proposed to suppress the inflammatory response. Clinical trials have proposed a useful effect of helminth infections on improvement of inflammatory disorders. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata infection to induce intestinal tolerance in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were infected through the cagemates with self-infected BALB/c mice. Four weeks post-infection, expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-10 were assessed in the supernatant of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) culture. Foxp3⁺Treg were measured in MLN cells by flow cytometry. In the S. obvelata-infected group, the percentage of Tregs (5.2±0.4) was significantly higher than the control (3.6±0.5) (P<0.05). The levels of IL-10 (55.3±2.2 vs 35.2±3.2), IL-17 (52.9±3.8 vs 41±1.8), IFN-γ (44.8±4.8 vs 22.3±2.3) and TNF-α (71.1±5.8 vs 60.1±3.3) were significantly increased in infected mice compared to the control group (P<0.05). The above results showed the potential effects of S. obvelata to induce intestinal tolerance. Therefore, it seems that S. obvelata may increase the immunological suppressive function in the intestinal tract.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Flow Cytometry , Helminths , Hope , Immune System , Interleukin-10 , Interleukin-17 , Lymph Nodes , OxyuroideaABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer [CRC] is mostly due to a series of genetic alterations that are being greatly under the influence of the environmental factors. These changes, mutational or epigenetic modifications at transcriptional forefront and/or post-transcriptional effects via miRNAs, include inactivation and the conversion of proto-oncogene to oncogenes, and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes [TSG]. Here, a thorough review was carried out on the role of TSGs with the focus on the APC as the master regulator, mutated genes and mal-/dysfunctional pathways that lead to one type of hereditary form of the CRC; namely familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP]. This review provides a venue towards defining candidate genes that can be used as new PCR-based markers for early diagnosis of FAP. In addition to diagnosis, defining the modes of genetic alterations will open door towards genome editing to either suppress the disease or reduce its progression during the course of action
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Aim: Since interactome analysis of diseases can provide candidate biomarker panel related to the diseases, in this research, proteinprotein interaction [PPI] network analysis is used to introduce the involved crucial proteins in Gastric adenocarcinoma [GA]
Background: Gastric adenocarcinoma [GA] is the most common type of stomach cancer. There is no efficient diagnostic molecular method for GA
Methods: Applying Cytoscape software 3.4.0 and String Database, the PPI network was constructed for 200 genes. Based on centrality parameters, the critical nodes were screened. Gene ontology of the key proteins for pathway analysis and molecular function processing were done and the highlighted pathways and activities were discussed
Results: Among 200 initial genes, 141 genes were included in a main connected network. Seven crucial proteins, including tumor protein p53, epidermal growth factor receptor, albumin, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog [avian], v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1, v-src sarcoma [Schmidt-Ruppin A-2] viral oncogene homolog [avian] and catenin [cadherin-associated protein], beta 1, 88kDa, and Myogenic differentiation 1, were introduced as key nodes of the network. These identified proteins are mostly involved in pathways and activities related to cancer
Conclusion: In conclusion, the finding is corresponding to the significant roles of these introduced proteins in GA disease. This protein panel may be a useful probe in the management of GA
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Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] is the cause of most cases of peptic ulcers and gastric cancers and cause some of the most important cause of stomach cancer and lymphoma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the time trend of Helicobacter pylori prevalence and presence of intestinal Metaplasia over the period of 7 years in gastritis Iranian patients
Materials and Methods: In this cross-section study data related to H. pylori and intestinal Metaplasia [IM] among 14,860 consecutive gastritis patients, who referred to the gastrointestinal department of Tehran's Taleghani Hospital in Iran, was examined across the sex and age group
Results: The overall prevalence rate among patient with H. pylori infection was 83.5% [12406/14860] and 11,394 [84.1%] of them were related to the gastritis. The prevalence rate of H. pylori among patient with gastritis significantly higher [p<0.05] compared to patients without gastritis. In addition, the prevalence decreased with age while the presence of intestinal metaplasia increased with age [p<0.05]
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Iranian population has declined in recent years; nevertheless it seems to be highly prevalent in Iran. We also find a significant positive relationship between H. pylori infection and IM with gastritis. There is no association between sex and infection but in contrast with the most studies its prevalence decreased with age
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding [UGIB] remains a common medical problem worldwide. It is an emergency medical condition, which may require hospital admission. UGIB also increases the risk of morbidity, and mortality and uses health care resources. The aim of this study was to determine the endoscopic findings and their frequencies in patients with UGIB with regard to age in Tehran's Taleghani Hospital
Materials and Methods: The medical records and endoscopy reports of 990 patients, who underwent endoscopy for UGIB in Tehran's Taleghani Hospital over a period of 2 years from 2010 to 2012, were retrospectively analyzed
Results: A total of 990 patients consisted of 594 [60%] men and 396 [40%] women had endoscopy for UGIB. Mean [+/-SD] age of the patients was 54 [+/-17.2] years. The commonest [45.5%] cause of UGIB was peptic ulcer disease, which included; duodenal ulcer [26.4%], gastric ulcer [19.1%], followed by esophageal and gastric varices [19.5%]. Malignant conditions [cancers] contributed to 14.7%, which included gastric cancer [7.2%], esophageal cancer [5.5%], and duodenal cancer [2%]. Other less frequent causes of UGIB were esophageal ulcer [6.7%], erosive gastritis [6.3%], Mallory-Weiss syndrome [5.4%], and Dieulafoy's lesion [1.2%]. Normal endoscopic findings were recorded in 0.7% of the patients with UGIB.
Conclusion: Peptic ulcer diseases are the commonest cause of UGIB followed by esophageal and gastric varices
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Celiac disease as an autoimmune disease is predisposes in genetically susceptible subjects due to the consumption of wheat and other grains containing gluten and as a result of immunological responses, villous atrophy, mucosal hyperplasia, and lymphocytic infiltration will be occurred. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. Most patients with celiac disease respond to gluten-free diet [GFD]. But in a small percentage of patients, despite full compliance with gluten-free diet, symptoms and mucosal atrophy are remains. When other causes of mucosal atrophy are rejected, the diagnosis of refractory celiac disease [RCD] is suggested. Based on the abnormality in population of intraepithelial lymphocytes [IEL], RCD is divided into two types 1; [RCD I] and type 2 [RCDII]. Prognosis, clinical symptoms and endoscopic findings of RCD I are better and milder than the RCD II. Treatment of RCD I is based on immunosuppressive therapy and RCD II is mostly based on nutritional support and chemotherapeutic agents. In this review the clinical characteristics, diagnostic and treatment approach of RCD will be reviewed
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Aim: The present study evaluated the association between G241R and K469E polymorphisms of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene and inflammatory bowel disease in Iranian population
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. There are two single base polymorphisms of intercellular adhesion molecule 1gene, G241R and K469E, reported to be associated with inflammatory disorders
Patients and methods: In this case-control study, 156 inflammatory bowel disease patients [110 ulcerative colitis and 46 Crohn's disease patients] and 131 healthy controls were enrolled. Two polymorphisms of intercellular adhesion molecule 1gene, including G241R and K469E, were assessed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism
Results: The E469 allele of K469E polymorphism was significantly more frequent in Crohn's disease patients compared to controls [P< 0.05, OR= 1.83; 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.96]. The mutant homozygote genotype of K469E polymorphism [E/E] was also significantly more frequent in Crohn's disease patients compared to controls [P< 0.05, OR= 4.23; 95% CI: 1.42 to 12.59]. No difference was observed in the frequency of K469E polymorphism among ulcerative colitis patients compared to controls. There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of G241R polymorphism among ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients compared to control subjects
Conclusion: According to our findings, K469E polymorphism of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene may probably participate in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease in Iran
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Aim: We aimed to explore the frequency of BRAF V600E mutation in Iranian patients with colorectal cancer [CRC] as well as its association with clinic pathological characteristic of patients
Background: CRC is the third leading cause of cancer related death. There is a growing body of data showing the association of BRAF V600E mutation with malignant transformation and clinical outcome of different tumors, including CRC. These findings suggest that BRAF V600E mutation can be used as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker for management of cancer patients
Patients and methods: A total of 85 patients with sporadic tumor were recruited. Braf V600E mutation was investigated using sequencing of extracted DNAs from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded [FFPE] tumor tissues. Electropherograms were analyzed using Laser-gene 6 software
Results: More than 95% of patients were in stage I and II and none of them were in stage IV. Patients were mostly below 55 years old and tumors were dominantly located in the distal colon. Of note, no BRAF V600E mutations were detected in our population
Conclusion: Our results showed no V600E mutation in the BRAF gene in stage I and II of CRC patients. Further studies in multi-center settings are warranted to examine the prognostic and/or predictive value of this marker in different stages of colorectal cancer patients
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Background: It has been shown by recent studies that there is a significant association between genetic polymorphisms near the regulatory of IL28B gene and response to treatment in viral diseases such as hepatitis C. However, genetic factors involving in infection progression to chronic diseases have not been determined yet. In this study, the association of these IL28B polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis C virus infection has been analyzed
Materials and methods: In this case- control study, 110 patients infected with chronic hepatitis C and 110 healthy individuals were studied. The fragments covering rs8099917 and rs12979860 were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction [PCR] method and genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism digestion [RFLP] method using NmuCI and BstUIendonuleases enzymes
Results: Results showed that rs12979860CC genotype were the most frequent which followed by CT and TT. However, rs8099917TT was the dominant genotype. Allele frequencies were included: Rs8099917 T=72.3%, G=27.7% and rs12979860 C=69.5%, T=30.5% at patients and rs8099917 T=80%, G=20% and rs12979860 C=73.2%, T=26.8% at control group
Conclusion: The Results showed that T allele is more prevalent than G at rs12979860 polymorphism and the frequency of C allele is higher than T at rs8099917 position. However, rs809917TT and rs12979860 CC genotypes are the most common genotypes among patients population with chronic hepatitis C
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Background and Aim: Viral hepatitis B is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases which can lead to liver cirrhosis [LC] and hepatocellular carcinomas [HCC]. Recent studies have shown an association between single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] of interleukin 17 and inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory responses are important factors in the disease process, especially in the viral infections and chronicity or virus clearance from the body, and are closely dependent on the proper cytokine secretion from immune cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between IL-17 [rs763780] SNP and chronic Hepatitis B virus [HBV] Infection
Material and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 150 patients with chronic HBV infection and 150 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted by salting out method. IL-17 [rs763780] polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism [PCR-RFLP] methods
Results: Genotype and allele frequencies of rs763780 did not show any statistically significant difference between the patients and control groups. Genotype frequencies were 84.6% for TT, 14.7% for TC and 0.7% for CC in the patients with chronic disease and 88%, 11.3% and 0.7% for TT, TC and CC in the control group respectively [p=0.69]
Conclusion: The results showed that there was no association between IL-17 SNP rs763780 and susceptibility to develop chronic HBV infection. It seems that genetic variations in other cytokine genes other than IL-17 gene, may affect progression of infection to chronic disease
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There are overwhelming reports and descriptions about celiac associated disorders. Although there is a clear genetic association between celiac disease [CD] and some gastrointestinal disorders, there are controversial reports claiming an association between CD and Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] infection. Different studies indicated the possible association between lymphocytic gastritis and both CD and H. pylori infection, although this evidence is not consistently accepted. Also it was shown that an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes count is associated with both H. pylori infection and celiac disease. Therefore the following questions may raise: how far is this infection actually related to CD?, which are the underlying patho-mechanisms for these associations? what are the clinical implications? what is the management? and what would be the role of gluten free diet in treating these conditions? PubMed [PubMed Central], Ovid, ISI of web knowledge, and Google scholar were searched for full text articles published between 1985 and 2015. The associated keywords were used, and papers described particularly the impact of pathological and clinical correlation between CD and H. pylori infection were identified. In this review we tried to answer the above questions and discussed some of the recent developments in the pathological and clinical aspects of CD and H. pylori infection
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Aim: To induce acute colitis progresses to chronicity in C57BL/6 mice by dextran sulfate sodium
Background: Murine models are essential tools to understand IBD pathogenesis. Among different types of chemically induced colitis models, the dextran sulfate sodium [DSS]-induced colitis model is the most common model of IBD, due to its simplicity
Patients and methods: Male C57BL/6 mice 6-8 weeks old, were collected and matched by age with controls. C57BL/6 mice treated with 2 cycles of 3.5% DSS for 4 days and 4 days of pure water between each cycle. After that, mice were sacrificed and the entire colon was removed. Small sections of the colon were fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned with a microtome. Sections were stained with hematoxylin eosin to analyses the degree of inflammation
Results: After the first cycle oral administration of DSS, mice with severe and visible rectal bleeding and diarrhea entered into the acute phase. After day 4-5, bleeding and diarrhea were improved and mice entered into the chronic phase with peak levels of weight loss. Macroscopically, the inflammation was predominantly located in the distal colon. Microscopically, examination of the distal colon sections showed a decrease number of goblet cells, loss of crypts, signs of surface epithelial regeneration and moderate to severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in the mucosa
Conclusion: In order to achieve an experimental colitis model, our protocol is recommended for future therapies in IBD experimental modeling
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Dextran Sulfate , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Mice, Inbred C57BLABSTRACT
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli [EPEC] and shiga toxin producing E. coli [STEC] strains in healthy broilers in Iran
Background: STEC and EPEC strains as diarrheagenic E. coli are among the most prevalent causative agents in acute diarrhea. Domestic animals, mainly cattle and sheep, have been implicated as the principal reservoirs of these pathotypes; however their prevalence among the broilers is varied among different countries
Patients and methods: A total of 500 cloacal swab samples from broilers of five different poultry houses [A-E] were collected to investigate the presence of stx1, stx2, hly, eae, and bfp virulence genes among the E. coli isolates by polymerase chain reaction. The shiga toxin encoding strains were evaluated serologically to detect their interaction with a commercial antiserum against O157 antigen
Results: Out of the 500 collected samples, 444 E. coli strains were isolated. Three strains [0.67%] presented at least one of the studied virulence genes [stx2, hly and eae], two strains were identified as STEC [stx2+, O157:nonH7] and one as an atypical EPEC strains [eae[+]bfp[-]]
Conclusion: The study established the presence of STEC and atypical EPEC in healthy broilers in Iran. Poultry might serve as vectors for transmission of pathogenic E. coli to human populations
Subject(s)
Animals , Prevalence , Shiga Toxin , Poultry , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli , Enteropathogenic Escherichia coliABSTRACT
Background: Archaea are Extrtermophile microorganisms and for several decades it has been believed that they are only found in harsh environments, such as volcanoes, deep oceans and salt lakes. However, at present time, their existence in human and mammal's intestine has been proved. The most important Archaea in human intestine is Methanobrevibacter smithii, which has a major role is some gastrointestinal disorders, as well as obesity. Therefore, Methanogens isolation and detection has such a crucial clinical importance. In this study, we isolated this microorganism for the first time using local technique
Materials and methods: In this study, Archaea DNA was extracted from healthy subject's stool samples, considering the specific criteria for choosing the healthy group. PCR reaction was performed to amplify the rpoB. Enzyme digestion was operated using restriction enzyme to confirm the rpoB gene. The PCR product was then cloned in E.coli [DH5alpha] host and sequencing process was performed
Results: Of 20 stool samples, the rpoB gene was confirmed in 18 samples [90%] and also the AVAII enzyme digestion results proved the gene identity. Sequencing results in NCBI site proved that isolated microorganisms were Methanobrevibacter smithii
Conclusion: This study revealed that by considering the microorganisms' variety in intestine, the precise gene detection methods for selecting the specific microbiota, in order to prevent existing similarities between homolog microbiota is vital in microbiota isolation
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Aim: This study was aimed to characterize putative differences of fecal microbiota between irritable bowel syndrome[IBS] and gastroenteritis patients and healthy controls
Background: New evidence proposed that gut microbiota has a deep effect on the balance between health and disease
Patients and methods: The presence of Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter spp., Enterobacteriacea and Staphylococci weredetected in the samples using selective and specific culture media. Microscopic examination of the samples was done to detectActinomycetes, yeasts, Bifidobacteria, Fusobacterium spp., as well as white blood cells, red blood cells, mucus and epithelial cells
Results: Results of this study showed relatively higher frequency of Citrobacter spp., Lactobacilli, and Actinomycetes in theIBS patients. Elevated levels of WBC, RBC secretion, and increased amounts of Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Citrobacterspp. were characterized in the patients with gastroenteritis compared with the control group
Conclusion: Depletion of gram positive cocci and gram negative bacilli also suggested dysbiosis of intestinal microbiotain these patients
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Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the Protein-Protein Interaction Network of Celiac Disease
Background: Celiac disease [CD] is an autoimmune disease with susceptibility of individuals to gluten of wheat, rye andbarley. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and involved pathway may lead to the development of drug targetdiscovery. The protein interaction network is one of the supportive fields to discover the pathogenesis biomarkers for celiacdisease
Material and Methods: In the present study, we collected the articles that focused on the proteomic data in celiac disease.According to the gene expression investigations of these articles, 31 candidate proteins were selected for this study. Thenetworks of related differentially expressed protein were explored using Cytoscape 3.3 and the PPI analysis methods suchas MCODE and ClueGO
Results: According to the network analysis Ubiquitin C, Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha [cytosolic and Grp94]; class A, Band 1 member, Heat shock 70kDa protein, and protein 5 [glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa], T-complex, Chaperon incontaining TCP1; subunit 7 [beta] and subunit 4 [delta] and subunit 2 [beta], have been introduced as hub-bottlnecksproteins. HSP90AA1, MKKS, EZR, HSPA14, APOB and CAD have been determined as seed proteins
Conclusion: Chaperons have a bold presentation in curtail area in network therefore these key proteins beside the other hubbottlneckproteins may be a suitable candidates biomarker panel for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment processes in celiac disease
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Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of various heat shock conditions and fast freezing and subsequent thawing on the viability and recovery of Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus subtilis as probiotic Sporeformers, and also to compare spore plate and microscopic counts
Materials and Methods: After preparing the final suspensions of B. coagulans and Bacillus suhtilis subsp. Natto spores, they were spread-plated before and after fast freezing treatment [-70°C for about 1 min]. Heat shock treatments of the spores were carried out at 68°C for 15, 20, and 30 min as well as at 80°C for 10 and 15 min. Concentrations of the examined probiotic Sporeformers were determined simultaneously by plate enumerations and microscopically determined counts. Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] of SPSS were used for statistical analysis of the data. Analysis of DoE results was carried out using Minitab
Results: The results presented here show that the highest recovery rates for B. coagulans [14.75 log CFU/mL] and B. subtilis spores [14.80 log CFU/mL] were under a heat shock condition of 68°C for 20 min in nutrient agar [p<0.05]
In addition, the survival rates of B. coagulans and B. subtilis spores under the fast freezing and subsequent thawing condition were about 90% and 88%, respectively. Plate counts differed significantly from counts determined microscopically, with differences of almost 0.5 and 0.8 log for B. coagulans and B. subtilis spores, respectively [p<0.05]
In addition, DoE results of the study revealed that both factors of spore count method and only freezing factor in fast freezing treatment have a significant effect on concentrations of the spores examined [p<0.05]
Conclusions: Heat shock conditions, freezing and subsequent thawing circumstances, and plate counts or enumerations determined microscopically have significant influences on the viability of probiotic Sporeformers and should be considered in determining of their accurate concentrations