ABSTRACT
Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease [GERD] is a condition which develops when the reflux of gastric content causes troublesome symptoms or complications. GERD is arguably the most common disease encountered by the gastroenterologist. It is equally likely that the primary care providers will find that complaints related to reflux disease constitute a large proportion of their practice.[1] GERD condition can present with different presentations and the response to the intervention significantly differs from patient to patient. As a result reviewing the new literatures done in this field will help in providing a better outcomes for the patients
Objective: Treating patients with GERD is difficult and needs different approaches. In this paper, we reviewed the major and the latest studies regarding GERD symptomatology, risk factors, diagnosis and management
Method: A comprehensive search was done using biomedical databases; Medline, and PubMed, for studies concerned with assessment of GERD. Keywords used in our search through the databases were as; ''GERD Pathophysiology'', ''GERD Classification'', and ''GERD Management''
Conclusion: GERD is a condition which develops when the reflux of gastric content causes troublesome symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and sleep disturbance. GERD can be diagnosed by various measures such as GERD Questionnaire, PH Monitoring, and Upper Endoscopy. Initially GERD can be managed by simple life modification measures, then physicians can add Protons Pump Inhibitors [PPIs], and Histamine 2 Receptor Blocker [H2RBs]. In case of PPIs and H2RBs failure in reliving GERD symptoms physicians may go for anti-reflux surgical interventions
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to investigate the possible antiniciceptive, antipyretic and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil obtained from the fruits of Piper Cubeba [L.]. To assess the antinociceptive and antipyretic activities, three doses [150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, i.p.] were tested in acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, tail flick reaction and hot-plate and Brewer's yeast-induced hyperpyrexia test models in animals. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity was examined using agar diffusion method and broth micro-dilution assay for minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC]. The Piper Cubeba essential oil [PCEO] showed a marked antinociception [17, 30 and 54%] and an increase in reaction time in mice in the flick tailed and hot-plate tests. The brewer's yeast induced hyperpyrexia was decreased in a dose dependent manner. PCEO also exhibited a strong antimicrobial potential. These findings confirm the traditional analgesic indications of P. cubeba oil and provide persuasive evidence and support its use in Arab traditional medicine