Integrated whole exome and transcriptome sequencing in cholesterol metabolism in melanoma: systematic review

Background: Melanoma is a highly malignant form of skin cancer that exhibits remarkable metabolic adaptability. Melanoma cells exhibit the capacity to adapt to specific conditions of the tumor microenvironment through the utilization of diverse energy sources, thereby facilitating the growth and advancement of the tumor. One of the notable characteristics of metabolic reprogramming is the heightened rate of lipid synthesis. This review was conducted to illustrate how the integration of whole exom and transcriptome sequencing will enhance the detection of the effect of cholesterol metabolism in melanoma. Methods: The Cochrane database, Embase, PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, Ovid, and other databases were thoroughly searched for works addressing integrated whole exome and transcriptome sequencing in cholesterol metabolism in melanoma. Skin malignancy, melanoma progression, transcriptome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, transcriptome sequencing by RNA sequencing, and integrated transcriptome and whole exome sequencing were the key phrases employed. This article underwent a phased search for pertinent literature using a staged literature search methodology. Each section's relevant papers were identified and summarized independently. The results have been condensed and narratively given in the pertinent sections of this thorough assessment. Results: DNA-based analysis has proven to be ineffective in identifying numerous mutations that have an impact on splicing or gene expression. RNA-Sequencing, when combined with suitable bioinformatics, offers a reliable method for detecting supplementary mutations that aid in the genetic diagnosis of geno-dermatoses. Therefore, clinical RNA-Sequencing expands the scope of molecular diagnostics for rare genodermatoses, and it has the potential to serve as a dependable initial diagnostic method for expanding mutation databases in individuals with inheritable skin conditions. Conclusion: The integration of patient-specific tumor RNA-sequencing and tumor DNA whole-exome sequencing (WES) would potentially enhance mutation detection capabilities compared to relying solely on DNA-WES.

Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction study between clindamycin and cyclosporin in rabbits

Cyclosporine A (CSA) is an immunosuppressant drug, metabolized mainly by CYP3A4 that is one of the CytochromeP450 enzymes. Clindamycin (CLN) is a lincosamide antibiotic, inducing CYP3A4 activity in vitro, and thereby mayalter CSA pharmacokinetics (PK). The current research was performed to investigate the PK parameters changes ofCSA up on co-administrating with CLN in healthy male rabbits. Twelve healthy male rabbits randomly were selectedand divided into two groups: Control set (n = 6) in which the rabbits were received oral normal saline CSA solution(10 mg/kg/day), meanwhile rabbits in the test group (n = 6) were treated with oral normal saline CSA solution (10 mg/kg/day) concomitantly with normal saline solution of CLN (8 mg/kg/day) at the same time for 7 days. Blood samples(2 ml) were collected and CSA concentrations were measured in whole blood at the predetermined time points byusing Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (CLIA) detection kit. PK profiles of CSA for both groups in the control andtest groups including Cmax, tmax, AUC0-24, the area under the blood concentration–time curve from 0 hour to infinity(AUC0-∞), t½, and Ke were compared. The results showed a statistically insignificant differences in the PK parametersof CSA alone or combined with CLN with p > 0.05. In conclusion, it has been found that CLN does not affect the CSAPK. Further confirmation of our findings is requiered in humans before these results can be applied in patient care.

Pain alleviation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; presternal local anesthetic and magnesium infiltration versus conventional intravenous analgesia: a randomized double-blind study

BACKGROUND: Magnesium is one of the effective, safe local anesthetic adjuvants that can exert an analgesic effect in conditions presenting acute and chronic post-sternotomy pain. We studied the efficacy of continuous infusion of presternal magnesium sulfate with bupivacaine for pain relief following cardiac surgery. METHODS: Ninety adult patients undergoing valve replacement cardiac surgery randomly allocated into three groups. In all patients; a presternal catheter was placed for continuous infusion of either 0.125% bupivacaine and 5% magnesium sulfate (3 ml/h for 48 hours) in group 1, or 0.125% bupivacaine only in the same rate in group 2, versus conventional intravenous paracetamol and ketorolac in group 3. Rescue analgesia was iv 25 µg fentanyl. Postoperative Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and fentanyl consumption during the early two postoperative days were assessed. All patients were followed up over two months for occurrence of chronic post-sternotomy pain. RESULTS: VAS values showed high significant differences during the first 48 hours with the least pain scale in group 1 and significantly least fentanyl consumption (30.8 ± 7 µg in group 1 vs. 69 ± 18 µg in group 2, and 162 ± 3 in group 3 respectively). The incidence of chronic pain has not differed between the three groups although it was more pronounced in group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous presternal bupivacaine and magnesium infusion resulted in better postoperative analgesia than both presternal bupivacaine alone or conventional analgesic groups.

Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of Fractional CO[2] laser combined with topical antifungal in the treatment of onychomycosis using SCIO [Score clinical index of onychomycosis]

Background: Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail, is considered one of the most prevalent disorders of the nail. Score clinical index of onychomycosis [SCIO] enable comparison of the severity of onychomycosis between nails despite differences in the clinical presentation. Recently fractional CO2 laser and topical antifungal were found to be effective in treating onychomycosis

Aim of the Work: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide laser combined with topical antifungal in treatment of onychomycosis

Patients and Methods: The present study included 20 patients with toenail and fingernail onychomycosis of all age groups. The affected nails received 3 sessions of laser therapy [Fractional CO2 laser] at 4 weeks intervals and once daily application of topical antifungal [Oxiconazole] available at the market under the name tinox cream

Conclusion: We concluded that fractional carbon-dioxide laser therapy, combined with a topical antifungal agent, is effective in the treatment of onychomycosis. It can treat different types of onychomycosis safely and effectively, and is especially suitable for older patients with low immunity or liver and renal dysfunction who are not appropriate candidates for systemic antifungal agents. Thus, it could be considered as an alternative treatment modality

Posterior corneal astigmatism changes in cases with keratoconus

Background: keratoconus is bilateral [usually asymmetrical], progressive, non inflammatory, cone like anterior protrusion of the cornea involving the central and the inferior para central areas that results in corneal ectasia, astigmatism and diminution of vision. It usually seen after puberty, with incidence of 1 in 2000 of general population, the major benefit of corneal tomography is the measurement of the posterior corneal surface, because the posterior surface contributes minimally to the overall refractive power of the eye [due to the minimal difference between the index of refraction of the cornea and aqueous] it was considered less important both diagnostically and therapeutically. The posterior cornea, however, is an earlier indicator of ectatic change or ectasia susceptibility

Aim of the Work: to determine the changes of posterior corneal astigmatism in cases with keratoconus

Patients and Methods: one hundred eyes of 50 patients were included in this retrospective, case control study which adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Ain Shams University Hospitals. All patients included in the study provided informed consent, these cases were divided into: 1- Keratoconus group: comprised 50 eyes of 25 patients with keratoconus diagnosed on the basis of clinical and topographic signs and 2- Control group comprised 50 eyes of 25 normal candidates for refractive surgery

Results: the mean magnitudes posterior corneal astigmatism[PCA] were approximately 1 D, and The PCA values were significantly associated with the severity ofKeratoconus[KC], the posterior corneal surface was more affected in the early stages of KC

Conclusion: we found that the mean magnitudes PCA were approximately 1 D, and The PCA values were significantly associated with the severity of KC, the posterior corneal surface was more affected in the early stages of KC

Difficulties Encountered by Final-Year Male Nursing Students in Their Internship Programmes

Background: The cultural norms of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia do not encourage men to choose nursing as a career. Understanding male nursing students' experiences of their clinical exposure to the nursing profession throughout their internship might increase their retention. This study explored the experiences of final-year male nursing students as they transitioned to the role of registered nurse. Methods: A qualitative descriptive research design with an inductive content-analysis approach was used. The experiences of 22 final-year male nursing students from three public hospitals in a major city of Saudi Arabia were explored. The data were collected using focus-group interviews and documentary analysis in March 2015 and May 2015. Results: Content analysis revealed three major themes: the societal and cultural image of male nurses, male students' engagement in nursing practice, and restructuring the internship programmes' policies to suit male students' needs. Conclusion: The findings reveal issues that mainly stem from negative social views of nursing as a male profession. Considering the students' social and cultural needs during their internship programme will facilitate their transition into the role of registered nurse and their retention in the nursing profession.

Gap analysis between perceptions and expectations of medical-surgical patients in a public hospital in Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To investigate patients' satisfaction with nursing care by measuring the gap between patients' expectations of care and perceptions of the actual care provided and to identify the areas of nursing care that need improvement

Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients who were admitted to the Departments of Medicine and Surgery at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A modified Service Quality [SERVQUAL] instrument was adapted to collect information from a convenience sample of 432 patients from November 25, 2012, to February 3, 2013. The instrument comprised 22 pairs of questions assessing 5 dimensions of the nursing care provided to patients during hospitalizations. The mean patient expectations and perceptions as well as the gap score values for each dimension of nursing service were tested for differences between the mean scores of the sample at a level of significance of 0.05 using a t test

Results: The gap score for all of the 5 dimensions of nursing services were: responsiveness, -1.71; reliability, -1.48; tangibles, -1.36; assurance, -1.26, and empathy, -0.96. Service quality across the dimensions of responsiveness and reliability was statistically significant [p < 0.05]. This result indicated that patients were not satisfied with the nursing service quality in relation to all dimensions

Conclusion: Our study showed negative gaps for the 5 nursing service quality dimensions evaluated. This could provide nurses with information about the aspects of nursing care that promote more positive patient outcomes and satisfaction

Effect of myrrh and thyme on Trichinella spiralisenteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice

Trichinellosis is a serious disease with no satisfactory treatment. We aimed to assess the effect of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) and, for the first time, thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) against enteral and encysted (parenteral) phases of Trichinella spiralis in mice compared with albendazole, and detect their effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of myrrh and thyme led to adult reduction (90.9%, 79.4%), while 1,000 mg/kg led to larvae reduction (79.6%, 71.3%), respectively. Administration of 50 mg/kg of albendazole resulted in adult and larvae reduction (94.2%, 90.9%). Positive immunostaining of inflammatory cells infiltrating intestinal mucosa and submucosa of all treated groups was detected. Myrrh-treated mice showed the highest iNOS expression followed by albendazole, then thyme. On the other hand, both myrrh and thyme-treated groups showed stronger iNOS expression of inflammatory cells infiltrating and surrounding encapsulated T. spiralis larvae than albendazole treated group. In conclusion, myrrh and thyme extracts are highly effective against both phases of T. spiralis and showed strong iNOS expressions, especially myrrh which could be a promising alternative drug. This experiment provides a basis for further exploration of this plant by isolation and retesting the active principles of both extracts against different stages of T. spiralis.

Cytotoxic activity and phytochemical analysis of Arum palaestinum Boiss

Objective:To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the fractionated extract as well as isolated compounds of Arum palaestinum Boiss. (A. palaestinum) (black calla lily), and to identify the volatile components which may be responsible for the potential antitumor activity. Methods: A. palaestinum was collected from its natural habitats and subjected to phytochemical analysis for separation of pure compounds. In vitro cytotoxic activity was investigated against four human carcinoma cell lines Hep2, HeLa, HepG2 and MCF7 for the fractionated extract and isolated compounds. While, the diethyl ether fraction was subjected to GC–MS analysis as it exhibited the most potent cytotoxic effect to evaluate the active constituents responsible for the cytotoxic activities. Results:Four flavonoid compounds were isolated (luteolin, chrysoeriol, isoorientin, isovitexin) from the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. The extracts and the pure isolated compounds showed a significant high antiproliferative activity against all investigated cell lines. The GC–MS analysis revealed the separation and identification of 15 compounds representing 95.01%of the extract and belonging to different groups of chemical compounds. Conclusions:The present study is considered to be the first report on the cytotoxic activities carried out on different selected fractions and pure compounds of A. palaestinum to provide evidences for its strong antitumor activities. In addition, chrysoeriol and isovitexin compounds were isolated for the first time from the studied taxa.

Adolescents dependence on talk shows that deal with Muslim's relationship to Christian and their relationship to their affiliation

Introduction: No doubt, media plays a principal role in conserving the national identity, yet it endures the greater burden in this side, not only in facing the cultural effects that affect our national identity and its different components, but also in caring for establishing the new generation of the young and youth on original values and manners and traditions

Problem: Determined in this main question: Adolescents Dependence on talk shows that deal with Muslim's relationship to Christian and their relationship to their affiliation?

Significance: Examining Adoption Adolescents Dependence on talk shows that deal with Muslim's relationship to Christian and their relationship to their affiliation

Objectives: Identifying the Adolescents Dependence on talk shows that deal with Muslim's relationship to Christian and their relationship to their affiliation

Type and Method: A qualitative study using the sample survey method

Sample and Population: Represented in youth aged [18-21] year olds in Cairo University, Ain Shams University, Bani Suef University, Alexandria University, and Almenya University. It is administered on a random of 500 Single [250 Muslim, Christian 250]

Instruments: A Questionnaire Form. Scale of affiliation

Statistical Approaches: Chi Square and [Z] Tests

Results: The presence of correlation statistically significant between the adoption of adolescents on the talk shows that deal with the Muslim's relationship to Christian and relationship of belonging to have at the level of significance 0.01. Thus, we accept the first hypothesis, The existence of differences between the mean scores of adolescents in the study on the scale of affiliation in accordance with the religion at a confidence level of 99.9%, and The existence of differences between the mean scores of adolescents in the study to belong scale according to type at a confidence level of 99.9%

Briun tumor excision guided by neuron a vigation: practical application and results

Precise preoperative craniotomy planning and intra-operative lesion localization and orientation have always been paramount issue in neurosurgery. The most important issues are the capabilities of surgical navigation system in appreciation of anatomy to avoid critical structures, arteries and veins. Furthermor, surgical planning for precise craniotomy, localization of lesion, extent of tumor resection increase the confidence of surgeon. The brain lab system [vectorvision.3, Germany] was used for guidance to 30 intra cranial operations. They were 21 male and 9 female, the mean age was [47.1], the range of age group was from 21 year to 70 year. All patients with brain tumors were diagnosed and managed in the departments of neurosurgery at Maadi Armed Forces Hospital, Cairo and Assuit University Hospital Assuit during the period may 2010 to may 2012. This study has shown reduction of surgical time, decrease blood loss during operation, decrease length of 1CU stay. Histopathological diagnosis was meningioma in 12 patients [40.0%], glioblastoma multiform in 10 patients [33.3%], astrocytoma GH in 5 patients [16.7%] and pilocystic astrocvtoma 3 patients [10.0%]. The surgical navigation system is helpful in mrgical planning for precise craniotomy, localization and orientation of the lesion, extent of the surgery reduction of surgery time and decrease in the length of 1C U stay and hospital cost

Expression of Ki 67 in hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine in mice and its correlation with histopathological alterations.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and the prognosis still remains dismal, so the present work was planned to assess the prognostic value of Ki67 in mice model of HCC induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN), in addition to its correlation to the histopathological changes. Forty male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into two groups; group I: 10 mice were served as controls and group II: 30 mice were injected i.p with DEN at a dose of 75 mg/kg b.w once /week for three weeks then 100 mg/kg b.w for another 3 weeks. Mice were sacrificed after 6, 12 and 18 weeks from the beginning of the experiment. Liver specimens were processed for histopathological examination and immunohistochemical expression of Ki67. Results of histopathological study revealed spotty necrosis with enlarged nuclei and cholestasis 6 weeks after DEN injection. Proliferation of bile ducts, perivenous focal apoptosis and increased number of cells acquiring large nuclei were prominent after 12 weeks. Deleterious effect of DEN was obvious after 18 weeks; where HCC features were seen as sheets of malignant hepatocytes, multinodular areas of coagulative necrosis and nodule of ghosts' necrotic hepatocytes. Collagen deposition was time dependent and showed maximum level around and within nodules in HCC after 18 weeks. Immunohistochemical expression of Ki67 showed increased positivity after 6 and 12 weeks and the highest increase in the number of Ki67 positive cells after 18 weeks of DEN injection. Conclusion: Based on the previous data, it could be concluded that ki67 can be used as a biological marker for prognosis of HCC.

Role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma in children

Pilocytic astrocytomas are the second overall most common pediatric brain tumor. Magnetic resonance [MR] imaging is widely used in the diagnosis and follow up of pediatric patients with pilocytic astrocytomas because of its ability to provide anatomical detail. However conventional MR imaging does not provide information about tissue biochemistry. To study the role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma in children. This study included seven pediatric patients with histopathologically proven pilocytic astrocytoma. All patients were subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Magnetic resonance [MR] imaging was performed at 1.5 Tesla MR system using a standard head coil. Imaging included conventional MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was done using either single or multi-voxel technique. Surgical biopsy was then performed to all patients and correlation with histopathological data was done. Out of the seven patients included in this study, six were females and one was male with mean age of 9.5 years, the tumor was located in five of them in the posterior fossa, located in right thalamo-peduncular region in one patient and located in the hypothalamic-chiasmatic region in one patient. MR spectroscopic study showed the same findings in all the lesions including high Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr ratios [3.53 +/- 1.5] and [7.21 +/- 4.2], respectively, relative low concentration of creatine with increased NAA/Cr ratio [2.32 +/- 1.1]. Lactate doublet was detected in all cases while no lipid peaks were detected. Based on the findings in this study we suggest that pilocytic astrocytoma has a specific spectroscopic metabolic profile which could be diagnostic for this type of tumor

Correction of secondary deformities of the cleft lip nose

For both unilateral and bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity, the general trend has been toward operation on the cleft lip nose at the time of initial lip surgery. Secondary surgery to further modify the nasal shape is often necessary and many patients desire complete septorhinoplasty in their teen years. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the results of the methods to correct secondary cleft lip nose deformity. This study carried out on 22 patients; [five females and 17 males] with secondary cleft lip nose deformities, their ages ranged from five to 34 years with mean 17.6 years. All of them were admitted to our department at Al-Azher University Hospital, Damietta. There is nasal symmetry with improved nasolabial and nasofacial relationship, improve speech, and airway passage in 17 patients

Propofol/Remifentanil TIVA provides superior recovery parameters over Propofol / Sevoflurane anesthesia in children

This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of remifentanil-based anesthesia in comparison to sevoflurane-based anesthesia in 60 children assigned to undergo lower abdominal extra-intestinal surgical procedures, Patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups: Propofol/Remifentanil [PR group] or Propofol/Sevoflurane [PS group]. All patients were premedicated using oral midazolam with a maximum dose of 15mg, ondansteron [100 microg/kg] and dexamethasone [0.25-0.5 mg/kg]. In PR Group, anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg followed by remifentanil 1 microg/kg; during surgica procedure further injections of remifentanil 0.5 microg/kg were given depending on whether the patient moved or showed signs of awakening in response to skin incision or during the procedure. In PS group; anesthesia was induced with a sleep dose of propofol [3-5 mg/kg] and was continued with 2%-8% sevoflurane and 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The minimum sevoflurane concentration used was 2% and was increased up to 8% if the patient moved during skin incision or the procedure. During anesthesia, patients were non-invasively monitored and the times of the start of anesthesia, of the start of the procedure and the time of the end of the procedure and the occurrence of movement during the procedure were noted. During recovery, children were left undisturbed, being called every minute until they first opened their eyes. Anesthetic recovery and distress behavior were assessed using recovery and distress scoring systems. The times at which children first opened their eyes, interacted spontaneously, drank, ate and were ready for discharge from the recovery ward and the hospital were recorded. Incidence of adverse events; hypotension, bradycardia and postoperative nausea and vomiting were monitored throughout the study period. Time till the start of anesthesia was significantly shorter, while time till start of the surgical procedure was non-significantly shorter in PR group compared to that recorded in PS group. Eleven patients; 7 in PS and 4 in PR groups showed minor movement during procedure with a non-significant difference between both groups. All patients were hemodynamically sable throughout the duration of surgery till skin closure and in PACU with a non-significant difference between both groups. Patients included in PR group showed superior emergence off anesttiesia compared to PS group in the form of significantly shorter time to respire spontaneously, to eye opening and to verbalization. Moreover, patients received remifentanil showed significantly shorter time till drinking and eating with significantly shorter PACU and hospital stay in comparison to PS group. Number of patients required rescue analgesia despite increased in both groups, did not show a significant difference. Moreover, mean DS was non-significantly higher in PR group compared to PS group. The incidence of adverse events did not reach the significance level. It can conclude that remifentanil is appropriate for opioid-based anesthesia for children for its provided shorter anesthesia times, hemodynamic stability and rapid recovery characteristics however, attention must be paid for prophylactic antiemesis and proper postoperative analgesia

Anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients: a comparison of sevoflurane versus isoflurane

This study aimed to compare the effect of anesthesia using isoflurane [ISO] or sevoflurane [SEVO] in conjunction with nitrous oxide on postoperative liver function tests in 30 cirrhotic patients [Child-Pugh Grade A] assigned to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC]. Anesthesia was maintained with either sevoflurane [SEVO group] or isoflurane [ISO group] with nitrous oxide 3 L/min in oxygen 3 L/min. Non-invasive intraoperative monitoring included heart rate [HR], systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP and DBF] estimated before induction of anesthesia [T[1]], 5 min. after insufflation [T[2]], 5-min after tilting in reverse Trendlenburg position [T[3]] and after exsufflation of CO2 [T[4]]. Venous blood samples were taken for estimation of serum levels of aspartate [AST] and alanine [ALT] aminotransferases, total bilirubin [TB] and alkaline phosphatase [AP] before and I, 3, and 7 days after surgery. Another venous blood samples were taken at time of induction of anesthesia, at, 2-hrs and 24-hrs after the end of surgery for estimation of serum levels of a-glutathione S-transferase [GST]. The formation of the lidocaine metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide [MEGX Test] was estimated preoperatively and immediately postoperative. All patients developed significantly higher HR, SBP and DBF at T[2] and T[3] compared to at T[1] with a significantly higher measures at T[3] compared to at T[2], but measures recorded at T[4] were significantly lower compared to that recorded at T[2] and T[3] in both groups with a significantly lower blood pressure in ISO group and non-significantly lower blood pressure measures in SEVO group compared to measures recorded at T[1]. Postoperative serum AST and ALT levels were significantly higher compared to preoperative levels in both groups reaching a peak at 3-days PO and declined on the 7[th] PO day with significantly higher levels in ISO group compared to SEVO group at 3-day and 7-day PO. Serum GST levels estimated at and 2-hrs after end of surgery were significantly higher in both groups compared to levels estimated at time of induction of anesthesia with significantly higher levels at 2-hrs compared to levels estimated at end of surgery in both groups, but was significantly higher in ISO group compared to SEVO group. Postoperative serum MEGX levels were significantly lower in both groups compared to levels estimated at time of induction of anesthesia with a nonsignificant difference between both ISO and SEVO group. It could be concluded that LC in cirrhotic patients performed under sevoflurane anesthesia supplemented by NO[2] is a feasible safe procedure with less postoperative impairment of liver function tests in comparison to isoflurane anesthesia and serum GST and MEGX are useful early biomarkerfor liver dysfunction that precede enzymes alteration in cirrhotic patients undergoing LC

possible cytoprotective role of L-arginine and misoprostol in some radiocontrast media induced toxicity

Despite recent medical progress in supportive medical therapy, the frequency of hospital aquired acute renal failure has increased in recent years.Of the multiple etiologies which can cause such renal impairment, radiocontrast media are recorded to be the third common cause of hospital aquired acute renal failure.In attempts to minimize the radiocontrast induced nephrotoxicity, L-arginine and misoprostol were used as cytoprotective agents against such toxicity. This study was conducted on 180 adult male albino rats. They were classified into: negative control group I distilled water group II, gum acacia group III, L-arginine group IV, misoprostol groupV, diatrizoate group VI, iopromide group VII, L-arginine and diatrizoate group VIII, misoprostol and diatrizoate group IX, L-arginine and iopromide group X, misoprostol and i opromid group Xl, gentamicin group XII, gentamicin and diatnzoate group XIII, gentamicin and iopromide grou XIV, gentamicin, L-arginine and diatrizoate group XV, gentamicin, misoprostol and diatrizoate group XVl, gentamicin, L-arginine and iopromide group XVll. The last group was gentamicin, misoprostol and iopromide group XVIII. At the end of the experimental period the animals were sacrificed, BUN and serum creatinine and urinary beta2 microglobulin and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT] analyses as well as histopathological examination of the kidney sections were carried out. The results revealed that in groups VI and VII there was significant increase in BUN, serum creatinine, urinary beta2 microglobulin and GGT with degeneradive changes in the proximal convoluted tubules in comparison with group I. These changes were more observed in group VI than in group VII.While in group XIII, there was marked increase in BUN and serum creatinine with aggravation in the renal histopathological changes in comparison with group XII. Moreover misoprostol appeared more effective than L-arginine in nephroprotection when it was given five days before the radiocontrast media either in groups with health kidney [VIII, IX, X and XI] or groups with compromized kidney [XV, XVI, XVII and XIII]