Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection among patients with dyspepsia in South-Western Saudi Arabia

Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] infection is a major cause of various upper gastrointestinal [UGI] disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori among patients with dyspepsia. A prospective study was carried out in the Gastroenterology Division, King Fahd Central Hospital, Gizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from January 1995 to December 1998. Four hundred and eighty-eight patients with dyspepsia were consecutively examined using the UGI endoscopy during a 4-year period. Data analyzed included demographic details, clinical indications for the examination, endoscopic findings and results of the histopathologic assessment for H. pylori. Overall, H. pylori were detected in 268 [54.9%] of the gastric biopsies from 488 patients [322 males and 166 females, aged 13-90 years]. Helicobacter pylori infection was present in 140 [60.1%] of 253 patients with chronic gastritis diagnosed by endoscopy and in 49 [62.8%] of 78 patients with duodenal ulcers [DU]. The rate in DU patients was significantly higher than the rate [43.6%] in patients with normal endoscopic findings [odds ratio [OR]=2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-4.70; p=0.04]. Of 455 biopsies with histologic gastritis, 268 [OR=58.9%, 95% CI 54.2-63.4] were positive for H. pylori and all specimens [n=33] with no histological evidence of gastritis were negative. The well-described association of H. pylori with DU and non-ulcer dyspepsia was confirmed by our study. However, the rate of H. pylori in our patients was at the lower end of the range [50-80%], which was previously reported among largely urban populations in Saudi Arabia suggests differences in the prevalence of H. pylori-infections between urbanized and rural populations. Helicobacter pylori negative peptic ulcer disease remains an important entity that may be associated with the use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and in our environment, the habitual chewing of qat leaves [catha edulis]

decline of hepatitis B viral infection in South-Western Saudi Arabia

Hepatitis B virus [HBV] infection is endemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA]. The Jizan region in the South-Western area of the country was noted for a high prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen [HbsAg] carrier rate. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HBsAg and other markers of HBV among residents of Jizan and evaluate the impact of the measures adopted in the last decade, to control HBV. The study was carried out between 1995 and 1998. The subject were studied in 4 groups: Group A consisted of voluntary blood donors [n=14883] tested within the blood banking system during the time period June 1995 to June 1997, Group B were patients treated in the hospitals [n=4692] during the period June 1995 to June 1996, Group C consisted of volunteers recruited from the community [n=1172] and Group D children aged <10 years [n=229]. Serum samples were obtained from the subjects tested for HBsAg, total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, antibody to HBsAg and antibody to hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in 5.4% of 14883 voluntary blood donors [Group A] and in 5.1% of 1172 persons recruited from the community [Group C] 40.2% were positive for at least one marker of HBV. The prevalence of HBsAg in-patients in Group B was 9.7% [456 of 4692]. These prevalence rates are significantly lower than the prevalence of 12% and 32% reported in 1985 and 1986. Only 2 [0.9% of 229] children in Group D were positive for HBsAg, indicating a major decline from the rate of 8.8% observed in an earlier survey. The low prevalence of HBsAg in children, provides evidence for the effectiveness and efficacy of the integration of hepatitis B vaccination into the extended program of immunization in KSA. The significant decline of HBV markers among unvaccinated Saudi adults indicated an indirect effect of other factors [for example health education and socio-economic progress] on the prevalence and transmission of HBV in Jizan. In areas of high endemicity, the epidemiological characteristics HBV are modified significantly by the combination of HBV vaccination and other complimentary control strategies