A Preliminary Survey on the Oral Manifestation of COVID-19 in the First and Second Waves in Bhubaneswar, City of Odisha, India

Background: In both waves of COVID-19 infections, loss of taste was noted in a disproportionately high number of individuals. However, there is a considerable risk of dental disease during and after COVID -19 infections. Aim: Our aim here is to study the oral manifestation of the COVID -19 infections and make a comparison of the severity of presentation in the second wave with the first wave among the general population in Bhubaneswar, city of Odisha, India. Methods: A detailed online questionnaire was developed focusing on the oral manifestation during both the waves using Google forms. Results: Out of a total of 380 RT PCR positive cases, 91/169 and 167/211 cases with oral manifestation were obtained in the first and second waves, respectively. We found 41 (24.26 %) in the first wave and 63 (29.85 %) in the second wave of patients with oral manifestations over the age of 50. Patients receiving oxygen or using a ventilator were found to be 15 (8.9 %) in the first wave and 59 (28%) in the second wave. Conclusion: This is the first study to evaluate the correlation of oral infection with COVID 19 in different waves. This difference could be correlated with the virulence of viruses with mutated strains.

Role of Health Care Infrastructure and Expenditure on COVID19 Pandemic: Scenario from Most Affected Countries

Purpose: The recent pattern of the COVID19 have hit hard to the entire world engulfing many lives within it. We intended to portray the association between the hospital resources such as Hospital beds, Intensive care unit beds (ICU beds), percentage of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) on health with total confirmed cases and total deaths among different countries. Methods: The data of these available health resources in 45 countries were collected from the secondary data sources. The mortality data were collected from situation report by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: The overall mortality rate was 7.29% across 45 countries. The average number of available Hospital beds, ICU beds, GDP on health was 4.30�66, 11.43�03 and 8.31�56 respectively. Moreover, the country that spend highest on health face maximum number of confirmed cases (r2 = 0.538) and mortality (r2 = 0.516). Conclusion: There was found that those countries spent more percentage of GDP on health having a greater number of confirmed cases and deaths, but not found any statistical significance with other health resources.