A Prospective Study on Anemia: Prevalence and Risk Factors in Children Under 5 Years of Age

Introduction: Anemia has several potential etiologies followedby acute blood loss and heredity or acquired diseases. Inyoung children, the most common cause of anemia is lowconsumption and absorption of iron-rich foods.Methodology: 100 children which was under the 5 year of ageincluded in this study. This study was conducted in Departmentof Pediatrics in Integral Institute of Medical Sciences &Research, Lucknow.Result: Result of this study revealed that in 31% casesmoderate anemia was seen, whereas in 24% cases mildanemia, 10% severe anemia was seen. While in 35% cases noanemia was seen.Conclusion: This study can be concluding that iron and othermicronutrient rich diet can provided to the children forprevention of anemia

Comparative study of electrolytes and metabolic changes during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: spinal vs. general anaesthesia.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a common surgery for renal stones and it can be performed under spinal and general anaesthesia. There is always a debate upon the superiority of one of the above technique over other. This study was undertaken to study the metabolic changes associated with the use of above techniques. We also studied the blood loss associated with them. Methods: 60 patients of either sex, aged between 25 to 60 years belonging to ASA physical status I or II undergoing PCNL were divided randomly into two groups and they received spinal (SA) and general anaesthesia (GA) as per standard protocol and study parameters were evaluated. Results: Blood pressure was lower and heart rate was higher in SA group compared to GA group. Changes in pH, bicarbonate, serum sodium, serum potassium and serum lactate were insignificant. Blood loss was report to be lower in SA group. Conclusions: In both the groups, patients were haemodynamically stable throughout the surgery and both the techniques were safe regarding hemodynamic changes and no significant advantage or disadvantage exists between the two. In both the groups there was a trend towards metabolic acidosis with increased lactate levels but it was not clinically significant with any of the anaesthetic technique. No changes were seen in electrolytes levels (Na and K) in any of the groups. Spinal anaesthesia was associated with lesser amount of blood loss and need for post-operative blood transfusion as compared to general anaesthesia.