Biochemical risk factors for stone formation in healthy school children

Prevalence of urolithiasis in childhood is increasing. The wide geographic variation in the incidence of lithiasis in childhood is related to climatic, dietary, and socioeconomic factors. Many children with stone disease have a metabolic abnormality. In Southeast Asia, urinary calculi are endemic and are related to dietary factors. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of renal stone, urine metabolic abnormality, control of blood pressure and demographic character in elementary school children of Qom. A cross sectional study was performed on 110 primary school children [56 girls and 54 boys] aged 7 to 11 years old. Demographic data such as age, height, weight were gathered, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Urine analysis and culture, urinary levels of calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, uric acid, cystine, citrate, oxalate, protein and sonographic findings were evaluated. The mean [ +/- SD] of age was 8.85 +/- 1.51 years. Only one child had renal stone [1%], but the prevalence of abnormal renal sonography was 7%. The most prevalent urine metabolic abnormalities were hypercalciuria [23%] and hypocitraturia [100%]. 11.2% of children had positive urine culture that all were female. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 7.1% for girls and 11.1% for boys. The prevalence of renal stone in children in this study was 1%, which means the accurate judgment about the prevalence of renal stone in Qom city needs more comprehensive studies. Similar to other studies in Iran this study shows that the prevalence of hypercalciuria is significantly higher comparing to other countries, it may be associated with excessive intake of sodium

Acute glomerulonephritis: a 7 years follow up of children in center of Iran

Acute glomerulonephritis [AGN] is a type of renal disease which indicates the inflammation of glomerulus and nephrons. This study was carried on 94 children,<15 years old with the diagnosis of AGN who were admitted to Qom and Yazd's hospitals between 2000 and 2006. Data were collected using hospital records on admission, progression notes and outpatient follow up. Among 94 patients, 55.3% were male and 44.6% were female. Mean age of patients was 8.2 +/- 2.7 years old. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis [APSGN] was reported in 92.5%, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in 4.2%, hemolytic uremic syndrome in 2.1% and IgA nephropathy in 1.06%. There was no significant differences between GN types and gender [P=0.54]. Clinical manifestation included edema in 68.8%, oliguria in 36.3%, gross hematuria in 69.1%, HTN in 61.7% and anuria in 1.06%. Microscopic hematuria was detected in all patients. In the time of follow up none of patients had hypertension, 3.1% had proteinuria and 6.3% had microscopic hematuria. APSGN is the most common causes of AGN in Qom and Yazd's children. Early diagnosis and treatment of APSGN may protect children from long term morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life

Association of sterile pyuria and coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki syndrome

Kawasaki disease [KD] is an inflammatory multiorgan disease of unknown etiology. The most dramatic organ involved is the heart. There were a few studies about cardiac involvement and sterile pyuria. This study guides to determine if sterile pyuria is associated with coronary artery aneurysm [CAA] in KD patients and to consider it as a predicting factor for coronary artery involvement. Forty seven patients with KD were studied by echocardiography in admission and one month later. Urine analysis, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were measured in admission. Data were analyzed using SPSS-14 software. Patients' age was ranged from 13 month to 7 years old [mean age of 3.43 +/- 1.54 years]. Thirty patients [63.8%] were male and 17 patients [36.1%] were female. Cardiac involvement was detected in 32 patients [68%] using echocardiography, of which CAA was reported in 8 cases [17%]. Six of CAA [75%] were in association with sterile pyuria, although it was statistically insignificant [P>0.05]. Although the majority of patients with CAA had sterile pyuria, this association is not statistically significant, thus it couldn't be considered as a predicting factor for CAA

Relationship between arterial blood pressure and body mass index of school age children of southern region of Iran

Despite an increasing prevalence of obesity and hypertension in young age, there is limited information on the contribution of body mass index [BMI] to blood pressure [BP] in these populations, especially in developing countries. This study examines the association between BMI and BP in four populations of school age children across southern region of Islamic republic of Iran

HDR syndrome [hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness and renal disease] accompanied by hirschsprung disease

HDR syndrome [hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness and renal disease] is an autosomal dominant condition; defined by the triad hypoparathyroidism, renal dysplasia and hearing loss. Hirschsprung [HSCR] disease is a variable congenital absence of ganglion cells of the enteric nervous system resulting in degrees of functional bowel obstruction. Rarer chromosomal anomalies are reported in combination with Hirschsprung disease like DiGeorge syndrome, mosaic trisomy 8, XXY chromosomal constitution, partial duplication of chromosome 2q, tetrasomy 9p, and 20p deletion. Here, we describe an 8 year-old girl with HDR syndrome accompanied by Hirschsprung disease. Although the association of Hirschsprung disease with chromosomal anomalies has been reported, according to our knowledge, this is the first report of associated HSCR with HDR syndrome