ABSTRACT
The contemporary approach to root canal treatment has been shifting towards engine driven filing procedures in the last decade. However, although conventional root canal procedures are slowly being phased out, it still represents the primary mode of root canal therapy in the vast majority of the developing world. The purpose of this cross sectional study was to evaluate the frequency of procedural errors in root canal treated teeth with rotary and conventional filing systems. Three hundred and forty six root canal treatment cases were assessed, out of which 173 were prepared using conventional file system and 173 were prepared using ProTaper universal [Dentsply] rotary system. Teeth in each group were evaluated radiographically using DIGORA optime software for presence or absence of procedural errors [i.e. overfills, underfills, ledge formation, perforations, apical transportation and I or instrument separation]. Out of the 173 conventionally treated teeth 57 [32.9%] had a procedural error. While, out of 173 cases prepared using ProTaper universal rotary system, 50 [28.9%] had procedural errors. The most common errors in both groups, by far, was overfill [22.5% in conventional and 16.2% in rotary]. Chi square test showed P value > 0.05 [0.416] which shows an insignificant relationship between the system used and the frequency of errors. There was little difference between the overall incidences of procedural errors in either system, however, there was a difference in the type of error produced. It is concluded that although rotary systems are not as easy to use as previously believed
ABSTRACT
To study the burden of anxiety and depression as a comorbid among patients of chronic rheumatological disorders and to investigate possible determinants of depression and anxiety. It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the rheumatology clinic of The Aga Khan University Hospital [AKUH] Karachi, Pakistan. With convenient sampling, 111 patients who fulfilled inclusion/exclusion criteria were screened for anxiety and depression with help of Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale [AKUADS]. The data was entered and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences [Version 10.0]. The population consisted mainly of middle aged [mean age 41] females [80.2%]. The most common diagnosis was rheumatoid arthritis 57% followed by systemic lupus erythmatosis 17% and systemic sclerosis 9%. The permanent joint deformity was present in 33.3% patients and 36.9% patients were suffering from active disease with pain and inflammation. The frequency of anxiety and depression was 65.8%. Educational qualification, permanent joint deformity, active inflammation and time elapsed since diagnosis had significant association with anxiety and depression. Marital Status, gender, economic activity and monthly family income had no effect on the frequency of anxiety and depression. Almost two third of patients with chronic rheumatological disorders, also suffered from a concomitant mood disorder. Systematic evaluation of all patients for mood disorders and psychological distress in rheumatology clinics is highly recommended