ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Rapid urbanisation in difficult socio-economic conditions such as inadequate housing infrastructure, lack of public services, improper sanitation, and poor water drainage systems in vegetation-rich areas lead to ecological conditions that are conducive to the breeding of mosquitoes and transmission of malaria, in semi-urban and urban settings. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the cases of malaria that were reported in the peri-urban areas of Pereira (Colombia), between 2008 and 2015. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted using data from the Malaria Surveillance System 2009-2015 and an outbreak study (between December 2008 and March 2009). Frequency distributions and summary measures, as well as univariate analysis were performed for all the variables in consideration. The annual parasite index (API) was calculated. FINDINGS Data on 214 cases were obtained from the surveillance system. A majority of the cases were reported in men (63.1%), followed by in children < 15 years (23.8%), and were caused predominantly by Plasmodium vivax (86.0%), with most of the infection occurring in the urban areas (52.8%) of Pereira. The API, by sex and age group, was higher among men ≥ 80 years. The outbreak study reported 14 cases of malaria in rural/peri-urban neighborhoods, and it was observed that the anopheline breeding sites were in close proximity to the houses in these areas. This population did not use protective measures against mosquitoes and chemical control was conducted through residual and spatial insecticide spraying. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study suggested the presence of autochthonous malaria transmission, in Pereira, between 2008 and 2015, most of which were cases of P. vivax. A greater intensity was observed between 2008 and 2009 when malaria was possibly reintroduced to the region. During the years of the study, a gradual decrease in the number of reported cases of malaria was observed in Pereira, except for the time period between 2008 and 2009 when a spike was noted (estimated using the API); this was most likely caused by an outbreak. Interventions that are more aggressive in nature are required to prevent further malarial transmission and dissemination.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Malaria, Vivax/transmission , Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology , Malaria, Falciparum/transmission , Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology , Rural Population , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad del sellado del MTA usado como material único de sellado o usándolo como cemento sellador más conos de gutapercha. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron las raíces mesiales de 24 molares inferiores y se instrumentaron hasta una lima maestra apical # 40 con la técnica de Crown Down. El grupo I fue obturado con conos de gutapercha y el MTA fue usado como cemento sellador; el grupo II fue obturado con MTA solamente. Se utilizaron cuatro raíces como control positivo y negativo; las muestras fueron cubiertas con cera pegajosa, dejando libre solo los dos últimos milímetros apicales, se centrifugaron en tinta china durante una hora y se les realizó procedimiento de transparentación, para posteriormente medir la microfiltración con un microscopio estereoscópico. Resultados: Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente con el test de KRUSKAL-WALLIS para variables independientes, y no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los dos grupos. Conclusiones: No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los dos grupos. En situaciones clínicas que no permiten la obturación convencional con conos de gutapercha, cualquiera de las dos técnicas de colocación del MTA son factibles.
Objetives: This study evaluated the sealing capability of MTA when it is used as the only root canal filling material and when it is used as sealing cement combined with gutapercha points. Materials and methods: The mesial roots of 24 inferior molars were selected; they were instrumented until an apical master file # 40 with Crown Down technique. Group I were obtured with gutapercha points and MTA as sealing cement; group II were obtured only with MTA. Four roots were used as positive and negative control, samples were covered with sticky wax, leaving free the apical last 2 mm, they were centrifugued with chinese ink for one hour and then they were turned transparent, to measure the microleakage with a stereoscopic microscope. Results: Results were analyzed statistically with the KRUSKAL-WALLIS test for independent variables and statistically no significant difference was found between the two groups. Conclusion: Statistically no significant difference was found between the two groups. In such clinical situations that don't permit conventional obturation with gutapercha points, both MTA techniques are viable.