ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effect of Pithecellobium dulce, Tagetes erecta and Cosmos bipinnatus on methane emission, milk yield and dry matter intake in dairy cattle. A 4×4 Latin square experimental design was employed, using four multiparous Holstein cows of 553±72.4kg body weight, at mid lactation and average milk yield of 17.3±3kg/day. The experiment lasted 92 days, divided into four experimental periods of 23 days each. All cows had free access to maize and alfalfa silage in a 50:50 proportion, 4kg of concentrate/day and ad libitum access to water. Treatments consisted in supplementation of 0.5kg/day of the experimental plants, with one control treatment without supplementation. Each cow received one of each treatment in turn during one of the four periods. The C. bipinnatus reduced methane production by 16% (P<0,05) in comparison with the control diet. Milk production, milk composition and dry matter intake were not affected (p>0 0.05) by the use of C. bipinnatus or any other plant species. Supplementation at low doses of C. bipinnatus showed a reduction in ruminal methane production in dairy cows.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito do Pithecellobium dulce, Tagetes erecta e o Cosmos bipinnatus na emissão do metano, a produção de leite e de ingestão diária de matéria seca pelo gado. Um desenho experimental do quadrado latino 4x4 foi usado, com quatro vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, de 553±72,4kg, no seu segundo terço da lactação e rendimento médio de leitedo de 17,3±3kg/dia. O experimento durou 92 dias e foi dividido em quatro períodos de 23 dias cada um. Das vacas tinham acesso livre a milho e silagem de alfafa, numa proporção de 50:50, com 4kg de concentrado por dia, com acesso a água ad libitum. Os tratamentos consistiram na ingestão de 0,5kg por dia, com as plantas experimentais; as vacas no tratamento de controle não receberam nenhuma planta, porém, elas receberamum tratamento, em cada um dos quatro períodos. O C. bipinnatus reduziu significativamente a produção de metano em 16% (P<0,05), em comparação com a dieta controle. A produção de leite, sua composição e o consumo de matéria seca não foram afetados (P>0,05) pelo uso de C.bipinnatus ou outras espécies de plantas. A ingestão com doses baixas de C. bipinnatus, que é uma planta arbustiva com um centéudo moderado de taninos, mostrou ter potencial para reduzir a produção de metano ruminal em vacas leiteiras.
ABSTRACT
Aedes albopictus es un competente vector del virus chikungunya, zika y de la mayor parte de los virus de encefalitis equina, capaz de transmitir al menos 24 arbovirus, susceptible a la infeccion (vertical y horizontalmente) por los serotipos del virus dengue. El objetivo fue realizar un estudio preliminar sobre el comportamiento frente a insecticidas organosinteticos de Ae. albopictus de diferentes localidades de tres estados centrales del pais, durante el periodo 2012-2014. Se realizaron pruebas biologicas con botellas tratadas con insecticidas, segun el metodo del CDC e igualmente evaluacion bioquimica para identificar los mecanismos de detoxificacion enzimaticos in vitro y mecanismos de resistencia in vivo con el sinergista butoxido de piperonilo (PB). Todas las cepas evaluadas presentaron sensibilidad al DDT (200 µg/mL) y cuatro de ellas a lambdacialotrina (6,25 µg/mL), solo una, Santos Michelena (SM) presento valores de sobrevivencia. Tambien esto fue observado con: malation (100 µg/mL) con una mortalidad en 30 minutos de 42,6% para Carabobo; 46,2% Distrito Capital (DC); 69,6% Zamora y 75,5% Mario Briceno Iragorry (MBI), solo resulto sensible SM. En cuanto a fenitrotion se encontraron valores de sobrevivencia con mortalidades en 30 minutos de 72,2%; para Carabobo, 30,7% DC y 45,8% MBI; solo expresaron sensibilidad Zamora y SM. En las cepas Carabobo y DC se observo el efecto sinergico FS = 3 y FS = 1,3, respectivamente. Se presume que los valores de sobrevivencia encontrados para insecticidas organofosforados pudiera asociarse con el incremento de esterasas alfa (a) y beta (b), en menor medida por la acetilcolinesterasa insensible (AChei) y las oxidasas con la sobrevivencia a lambdacialotrina en la cepa SM, lo cual podria comprobarse en estudios futuros a realizarse sobre resistencia a insecticidas. Los resultados encontrados en el presente trabajo, constituyen la base para su inicio a corto plazo en Ae. albopictus de Venezuela y la region, a fin de contribuir en la eficacia de las medidas de control quimico de esta especie de importancia medica.
Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of chikungunya virus, zika and most of the equine virus, capable of transmitting at least 24 arboviruses, susceptible to infection (vertically and horizontally) by serotypes of the dengue virus encephalitis. The objective was to conduct a preliminary study on the behavior against Ae. albopictus organosintetic insecticides from different locations in three central states of the country during the period 2012-2014. Bioassays with insecticide-treated bottles were performed according to the method of the CDC and also biochemical evaluation to identify the mechanisms of detoxification enzyme in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of resistance to the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PB). All strains tested showed sensitivity to DDT (200 µg/mL) and four of them lambdacyhalothrin (6.25 µg/mL), only one, Santos Michelena (SM) presented values of survival. This was also observed: malathion (100 µg/mL) with a mortality time (30 min) of 42.6% for Carabobo; 46.2% Capital District (DC); Zamora 69.6% and 75.5% Mario Briceno Iragorry (MBI) was sensitive only SM. As fenitrothion survival values encountered in the mortalities time (30 min) 72.2%; for Carabobo, 30.7% and 45.8% MBI DC; only expressed sensitivity Zamora and SM. In DC strains Carabobo and the synergistic effect was observed FS = 3 and FS = 1.3, respectively.It is presumed that the survival values found for organophosphate insecticides may be associated with increased esterase alpha (a) and beta (b), to a lesser extent insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ACHEI) and oxidases with survival to lambdacialotrine in strain SM , which could be verified in future studies to be carried out on insecticides resistance. The results found in the present work, constitute the basis for its short-term start in Ae. albopictus from Venezuela and the region, in order to contribute to the effectiveness of chemical control measures of this species of medical importance.