Physiological and immunological evaluation of rabies vaccine adsorbed to two different vaccine vehicles

Introduction: Rabies virus a zoonotic disease causing >55 million annual deaths. 5 generations for the development of rabies vaccine for both animal and human uses were developed. In low income countries it is essential to develop the cell culture vaccine to substitute the traditional goat brain vaccine for its severe dangerous adverse events recorded by the WHO. Mass production is money costing so maximizing productivity throughout the theutical formulation of vaccine is a matter to concern regarding the immune response , and the biological changes are considered. Methodology: Rabies vaccine was prepared by enhancing propagation of Rabies virus in Vero cells. Harvests were clarified; concentrated by hollow fibre cartridge and inactivated using j3-propiolactone [BPL] as a more safe and has a fast inactivating potential ED50 inactivated vaccine was evaluated using mice inoculation assay [MIA] and then loaded on 2 different vaccine delivery vehicles namely Alum and calcium phosphate nanoparticles [CPN] and Alum. Immune responses, pathological events and physiological changes were monitored. Results: BPL showed fast inactivation potentials for rabies virus within 2 hrs and depletion rate was 1.8 log10/15 min and related ED50 was with accordance to WHO recommendations [>2.5 IV/dose]. Humoral and cellular immune responses were monitored revealing a time and route of administration dependence and the Ab and IFN-y and IL-10 peaking was on the 3[rd] week and 96 hrs post immunization respectively. Histopathological changes were detected in liver, kidney but not the spleen. Additionally, traceability of accumulated Al and Ca ions in liver and brain tissues were not significantly changed than control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that CPN is a promising vaccine vehicle than the current used Alum. It has good antibody stimulation potentials. As well as the least and short durative pathological changes and its degradability as a cell content is reduced. As well as its accumulation rate that enhance biological and histological status of different organs is decreased?

Methylene blue prevents carbon monoxide induced-hematological and cardiac toxicity in adult female albino rats

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of concurrent administration of methylene blue [MB] [1mg/kg, i.p. day] on heart and blood under repeated CO intoxication [1% for 4 minutes / day] for a period up to 30 days in female adult albino rats. Animals were divided into four groups. First group is the control group where the animals admistered saline and breathed natural air. Methylene blue group, where the animals received methylene blue [MB] [1mg/kg/day, i.p]. Carbon monoxide group [CO] that inhaled carbon monoxide [CO, 1%] for 4 minutes day in a closed chamber. Carbon monoxide plus methylene group where the animals pretreated with MB followed by CO inhalation at the aforementioned doses. A group of eight rats from each group was sacrificed at time intervals of 10, 20 and 30 days. Levels of methemoglobin [met Hb] and gas analysis [P02 and PCO[2]] were measured in arterial blood. Superoxide dismutase [SOD], reduced glutathione [GSH], malondialdehyde [MDA] as oxidative stress parameters and adenosine triphosphate [AlP] content were measured in heart and blood serum. Carbon monoxide increased PCO[2] and decreased P02 levels, decreased the ATP content and increased the level of met Hb in blood in comparison to control. Moreover, CO-treated animals showed increased levels of MDA and decreased levels of GSH and SOD in blood and heart tissues. Methylene blue pretreatment significantly minimized the adverse effect of CO and restored normal levels of tested blood gases, cleans the hemoglobin [decreased met Hb], normalized the levels of ATP, GSH. The study suggests that carbon monoxide induced its harmful effects by poisoning hemoglobin and /or induction of oxidative stress. The restorative effects of methylene blue on the physiological functions might be due to the potential of MB as antioxidant and to replace CO in Rb molecule

Ameliorative effect of grape seed extract against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in adult male albino rats

The present study aimed to investigating the ameliorative effect of oral administration of grape seed extract to rats versus neurotoxic effects administered with rotenone. Rats were orally administered grape seed extract [GSE] at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight [wt] once a day for 20 days before oral administration of rotenone [2.5 mg/kg body wt]. Dopamine [DA] and norepinephrine [NE] contents in striatum, cerebellum and cerebral cortex were determined at 40, 55 and 70 days of administration. Also, the striatum Na+/K+-ATPase activities, serum and striatum nitric oxide [NO], lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione [GSH], total antioxidant capacity [TAC], and serum testosterone level were determined. In addition, a histopathological study of striatum was carried out. Our results reveal that rotenone administration for 50 days led to a significant increase in striatum and serum lipid peroxidation and NO levels while, a significant decrease in DA in striatum, NE and DA in cortex occurred. Also, striatum Na+/K+-ATPase activities, serum and striatum GSH, TAC levels and serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased. The treatment with GSE showed a protective effect against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. It improved most biochemical markers tested as well as histopathological features. It may be possible to use GSE for the prevention of neurotoxicity caused by exposure to pesticide or environmental neurotoxins

Screening of window HBV infection among Egyptian blood donors

Transfusion-transmitted viral infection is present worldwide among blood donors. In the present study prevalence of early acute HBV infection among the eligible blood units for donation was investigated. Sera [760] from Egyptian blood donors [636 [83.68%] males and 124 [16.32%] females], who met donor selection criteria, were routinely screened for HBsAg, HCV-Ab, HIV 1/2-Ab and Syphilis-Ab. Accepted blood units for donation were further tested for liver and kidney functions and the presence of HBc-IgM and HBV-DNA. Screening resulted in 38 [5%] HCV-Ab positive units, 9 [1.18%] HBsAg positive units and one [0.13%] Syphilis-Ab positive unit. Testing of the accepted units for donation [712, 597 [83.84%] male and 115 [16.16%] female] resulted in one [0.13%] HBc-IgM positive unit and 2/30 HBV-DNA positive units. The routine screening of blood unit, to some extent, discovered the current viral infection but failed to detect early acute or window HBV infections where HBsAg is absent. ALT and AST levels were not indicative in viral infection in accepted blood donors at window period. Our study suggests that sensitive methods for detection of HBV [e.g. PCR] may be recommended in screening of donated blood. Anti-HBc antibody should be tested routinely on all donated blood units

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha in graves' disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease. Many of the immune cells and cytokines are implicated in its pathogenesis. This study was carried out on 20 patients [11 females and 9 males] with thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease [diagnosis was made on the bases of clinical examination, low serum thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], high free triiodothyronine [fT3] and free thyroxine [fT4] in all patients except two patients with early hyperthyroidism, with subnormal serum TSH. normal fT3 and tT4; thyroid technetium scintiscan showing intense homogeneous radio- tracer distibution throughout the thyroid eland and increased thyroid gland uptake]. Ten healthy subjects of comparable age were taken as control group. All patients and controls were submitted to clinical examination, ECG, technetium thyroid scintiscan, serum TSH, fT3 and tT4, serum vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha]. Mean serum fT3 and fT4 were significantly higher [p<0.001] and TSH was significantly lower [p<0.0001] in patients with Gravesi disease compared to control group. Mean serum VEGF and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in patients with Gravesi disease compared to control group [p<0.001, 0.01 respectively]. Significant positive correlation was present between VEGF and fT3 [r=0.65, p<0.02]. No significant correlation was present between VEGF and fT4 or TSH in patients' group. No significant correlation was present between TNF alpha and TSH, fT3 or fT4 in patients group. Also no correlation was present between VEGF and TNF alpha in patients with Graves' disease. It may be concluded that serum VEGF and TNF-alpha concentrations are elevated in patients with Gravesi disease and they may have a role in its pathogenesis. Further larger studies are recommended to find out the role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease aiming to find new drugs targeting these cytokines for prevention or treatment Graves' disease

Estimation of serum and vitreous levels of soluble Fas and soluble Fas ligand in Egyptian insulin dependent diabetic patients with neuropathy or retinopathy

Apoptosis is a physiological process observed in many organs and cells which may also occur in pathological conditions. The most important mechanism of apoptosis is the Fas- system. Beta-cell apoptosis has been associated with the onset of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The aim of this work is to estimate the serum and vitreous levels of soluble Fas [sFas] and soluble Fas ligand [sFasL] in insulin dependent diabetics with retinopathy and the serum level of s.Fas and s.FasL in insulin dependent diabetics with neuropathy and to compare the results with those obtained from non diabetic and non complicated diabetic subjects. The study revealed a significant increase in the vitreous and serum levels of sFas and sFasL in diabetic patients with retinopathy and a more significant increase of the serum level of sFas and sFasL in diabetics with neuropathy. So, the disregulation of the Fas system may be one of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and complementary studies are required to treat or prevent the occuranc of these complications