Evaluación de la satisfacción de los pacientes en un hospital homeopático gubernamental en Bengala Occidental, India / Assessment of patient satisfaction in a government homeopathic hospital in West Bengal, India

Introducción y objetivos: la determinación del grado de satisfacción de los pa¬cientes de un hospital homeopático puede producir un impacto sustancial en los esfuerzos para mejorar el estado de salud y la calidad de la atención proporcionada. En este trabajo, los investigadores evaluaron el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes después de recibir consulta médica, al igual que la validez y la confiabilidad del interrogatorio al que se sometieron. Métodos: estudio transversal con diseño observacional realizado en febre¬ro de 2013, con 390 voluntarios, en cinco unidades de consulta externa de la Facultad y Hospital de Medicina Homeopática Mahesh Bhattacharyya, perteneciente a la red pública de Bengala Occidental (Howrah, India). Fue auto-aplicado un breve cuestionario de satisfacción con consultas médicas, elaborado en Japón y traduci¬do al bengalí, con 12 ítems de respuesta múltiple en una escala tipo Likert de cinco puntos. El cuestionario generó cinco subescalas: satisfacción general, examen completo, cuidado completo de la persona, duración de la consulta y centralidad en el paciente. Las respuestas de cada ítem y sub-escala también incluían una escala visual analógica (EVA) de 100 mm. Resultados: el cuestionario se mostró válido y confiable. Su consistencia interna fue comprobada por valores entre 0.7 y 0.9 del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (α), y la confiabilidad test-retest por el coeficiente kappa de Cohen (κ), cuyo valor fue superior a 0.7 en todos los ítems. La validez concurrente del coeficiente r de Pearson correspondiente al puntaje total del cuestionario y las EVA fue de 0.60, p<0.001; puntaje de cada escala 0.8 < r < 0.9, p<0.0001, y puntaje de cada ítem 0.8 < r < 0.9, p<0.0001.[...] En general, los pacientes reportaron alta satisfacción. Nuevos estudios son necesarios para adaptar el cuestionario utilizado en este trabajo a otros idiomas para uso global.

Discovering the degree of patient satisfaction in a homeopathic hospital setting may put substantial impact in improving health status and quality of care provided. In this study, the researchers evaluated the degree of patient satisfaction following medical encounters and re-examined the validity and reliability of the used questionnaires. An institutional, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out involving 390 participants in February, 2013 in five out-patient clinics of Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Govt. of West Bengal, Howrah, India. A 12-item Japanese short-form self-administered consultation satisfaction questionnaire translated into Bengali with a five-point Likert scale was used. The questionnaire generated five subscales - overall satisfaction, complete examination, whole person care, examination time, and patient centeredness. Visual analogue scales (VASs) of 100 mm were provided with each single question item and each subscale. The questionnaire appeared reliable and valid. Internal consistency scores Cronbach’s alpha (α) were between 0.7-0.9 and test-retest reliability Cohen’s kappa (κ) was greater than 0.7 for each item. Concurrent validity Pearson’s r between total questionnaire and VASs was 0.60, p<0.001; each subscale scores 0.8 < r < 0.9, p<0.0001, and each question score 0.8 < r < 0.9, p<0.0001. Comparison of mean scores of five different subscales for five different outpatient clinics yielded F ratios between 4.3-9.8 (p< 0.05, df=4.95% CI) establishing discriminant validity. Overall, the patients’ satisfaction appeared to be high. Further works should be undertaken adapting the questionnaire globally in different languages.

Tratamiento homeopático para el vitiligo: un estudio piloto abierto observacional / Homoeopathic treatment of vitiligo: an open observational pilot study

Antecedentes: El vitiligo es un trastorno común de hipopigmentación que genera un impacto psicológico muy importante. En una clínica de atención ambulatoria en Bengala Occidental, India, se realizó una evaluación del tratamiento homeopático en individuos con vitiligo. Métodos: Se reclutaron 30 pacientes (edad media de 27 años; 57% femeninos) para un estudio piloto prospectivo abierto, y se manejaron con tratamiento homeopático individualizado durante seis meses. Se evaluó La eficacia del tratamiento a los tres y seis meses, utilizando el Índice de Puntuación del Área con Vitiligo (Vitiligo Area Scoring Index, VASI), la escala de la Comisión Europea de Vitiligo (Vitiligo European Task Force, VETF) y el Índice de Calidad de Vida en Dermatología (Dermatological Life Quality Index, DLQI), los cuales validaron el índice de mejoría tomando en cuenta el área, la intensidad, la extensión de La despigmentación de las lesiones de vitiligo y la calidad de vida (QoL). Resultados: Un total de 27 pacientes completaron el estudio; tres desertaron. Después de seis meses de tratamiento, la medida media de VASI mejoró significativamente en 0.1 unidades (p=0.003), de 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) a 0.7 (0.3, 0.8) en una escala de 0 (sin despigmentación) y 100 (completamente despigmentada). Del mismo modo, la media del VETF mejoró su puntuación por 2 unidades (p=0.0001), de 1 (0.1) a -1 (-1.0), y el marcador de estadificación varió de 1 (1.2) a 1 (0.1), p=0.002. La media de La puntuación total de DLQI disminuyó de 21 (17, 22) a 13.6 (10, 17), con variación de 7.4 (p=0.0001); dicha variación también fue corroborada por los componentes del DLQI. Conclusiones: El tratamiento homeopático individualizado se asoció con una mejoría significativa de las puntuaciones en VASI, VETF y DLQI. La premisa de que los efectos observados se deben a placebo se debe aclarar en futuros ensayos clínicos aleatorios doble ciego, precedidos por estudios de viabilidad.

Background: Vitiligo is a common hypopigmentation disorder with significant psychological impact. An evaluation of homeopathic treatment was performed in individuals with vitiligo in a hospital outpatient clinic in West Bengal, India. Methods: 30 participants (median age 27 years old, 57% female) were recruitedfor a prospective open-label pilot study and treated with individualized homeopathic medicines for six months. Efficacy was assessed after three months and six months using Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) score, Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF)score, and Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI) score, which are validatedoutcome measures evaluating the area, intensity, spread of depigmentation ofvitiligo lesions, and quality of life (QoL). Results: A total of 27 participants completed the trial; 3 dropped out. After 6 months of treatment, the median VASI total score improved significantly by 0.1 units (p=0.003), from 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) to 0.7 (0.3, 0.8) on a scale from 0 (no depigmentation) to 100 (completely depigmented). Similarly, the VETF median score improved by 2 units (p=0.0001) from 1 (0, 1) to -1 (-1, 0) and the staging score changed from 1 (1, 2) to 1 (0, 1), p=0.002. The total DLQI median score exhibited significant reduction from 21 (17, 22) to 13.6 (10, 17), change 7.4 (p=0.0001), as also did its components. Conclusions: Individualized homeopathictreatment associated with significant improvement of VASI, VETF and DLQI scores. The extent to which the observed effects were due to placebo needs clarificationin future randomized double-blind clinical studies preceded by feasibility studies.

Understanding of biostatistics among the homeopathic fresh graduates and post-graduate trainees in West Bengal, India

Background: A basic understanding of biostatistics is essential, both for designing quality research and evaluating medical literature. We evaluated the understanding of biostatistics and interpretation of research results among homeopathic fresh graduates’ (House Staffs; HSs) and postgraduate trainees’ (PGTs) in West Bengal, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of homeopathic HSs and PGTs in the four government homeopathic schools in West Bengal, India, using a pre-tested, valid and reliable biostatistics multiple choice knowledge, confidence and attitude test questionnaire. Results: Internal consistency of the used questionnaires was acceptable (Cronbach’s á = 0.611 – 0.672). Response rate was only 55.6%. Research journal reading habit was seriously lacking. No one had ever taken any research courses or possessed any advanced degrees or diplomas. The overall mean% correct on statistical knowledge was very poor, 1.0% (95% CI 0.1 – 1.9%) vs. 10.0% (95% CI 8.6 – 11.6%) for HSs and PGTs (P < 0.0001). Comparatively, higher knowledge scores were found in respondents from Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital (P = 0.003). No one could interpret an unadjusted odds ratio, Kaplan-Meier analysis results, and determine strength of evidence for risk factors. Percentages of correct answers for all other knowledge-based questions ranged between only 2.7 – 9.5%. Respondents’ self-assessed confidence in ability to understand biostatistics ranged between 41 – 60%. Positive attitude towards biostatistics was elicited in 16 – 63% respondents. Conclusions: The respondents seriously lacked knowledge in biostatistics needed to interpret research results. Training programs needs to undergo massive and immediate transformation to include more effective biostatistics training in curricula to encourage meaningful research.

A survey on perception of homoeopathic undergraduate students towards learning environment in an Indian scenario

Background and aims – This research was an attempt to understand the views of students of homoeopathic undergraduate schools in West Bengal, India and to identify areas of strength and weakness in the learning environment. Methodology – An institutional, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out involving 430 students in May, 2013 in two Government homoeopathic medical colleges in West Bengal, India. A seven-item close-ended questionnaire with four point Likert scale was used to determine students’ perceptions of the learning environment, intellectual climate and teacher-student relationship in homoeopathic schools. The questionnaire generated seven subscales – flexibility, student to student interaction, emotional climate, supportiveness, meaningful experience, organization, and breadth of interest. Results – 46.5% of students belonged to rural areas and Bengali was the mother tongue of 93.7% students. 39.5% preferred Bengali as the medium of instruction and group study was preferable to 77.9% students. 47.7% students were dissatisfied with the teaching process and 79.8% preferred the use of multimedia over conventional classroom teaching. Flexibility remained low (mean=1.9, SD=0.9); meaningful experience (theoretical teaching) score was high (mean=2.6, SD=0.9). Scores did not vary significantly (P>0.05) across the pre-clinical and clinical students, but few subscales produced significant differences individually among students of different years. Internal consistency scores of the scale remained questionable (Cronbach’s α 0.310-0.446); however, the scale showed acceptable test-retest reliability (Cohen’s κ 0.680-0.838). Conclusions – This study emphasized the areas requiring improvement in homoeopathic school environment based on students’ perspective. Changes in curriculum, faculty and infrastructure should be planned to improve students’ satisfaction.

Introdução e objetivo: Este estudo buscou entender a percepção de estudantes de faculdades homeopáticas em Bengala Ocidental, Índia, e identificar os pontos fortes e fracos do ambiente de aprendizagem. Métodos: Estudo transversal com desenho observacional realizado en maio de 2013 com 430 voluntários em duas faculdades públicas de medicina homeopática em Bengala Ocidental, Índia. Um questionário com 7 itens respondidos em uma escala tipo Likert de 4 pontos foi aplicada para determinar a percepção dos voluntários a respeito de seu ambiente de aprendizagem, clima intelectual e relação aluno-professor. O questionário gerou 7 sub-escalas –flexibilidade, interação entre Estudantes, clima emocional, suporte, experiência significativa, organização e amplitude de interesses. Cerca de 46,5% dos estudantes procedía de áreas rurais, a língua materna de 93,7% era bengalí, 39,5% preferia que se falasse bengalí nas aulas, 77,9% preferia trabalhar em grupo, 47,7% se manifestaram insatisfeitos com o modelo de ensino e 79,8% preferíam as técnicas multimídias comparadas às convencionais. A flexibilidade foi baixa (media= 1,9, desvio padrão DE = 0,9); a pontuação da experiência significativa (ensino teórico) foi elevada (média= 2,6, DE= 0,9). As pontuações não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p>0,05) entre os estudiantes em fase preclínica e clínica, porém, algumas sub-escalas individuais apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os estudantes dos diversos cursos. A consistência interna do questionário é duvidosea (coeficiente α de Cronbach: 0,310-0,446), porém, a confiabilidade do teste-reteste se mostrou aceitável ( de Cohen: 0,680-0,838). Conclusões: Este estudo assinala as áreas que devem ser melhoradas na aprendizagem da homeopatía desde a perspectiva dos estudantes. Mudanças nos programas de estudos, corpo docente e infraestructura são necessárias para melhoras a satisfação dos alunos.

Evaluation of patient satisfaction in a Government Homeopathic Hospital in West Bengal, India

Background and aims – Discovering the degree of patient satisfaction in a medical practice setting may put substantial impact in improving health status and quality of care provided. In this study, the researchers evaluated the degree of patient satisfaction following medical encounters and re-examined the validity and reliability of the used questionnaires. Methodology – An institutional, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out involving 390 participants in February, 2013 in five out-patient clinics of Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Govt. of West Bengal, Howrah, India. A 12-item Japanese short-form self-administered consultation satisfaction questionnaire translated into Bengali with a 5-point Likert scale was used. The questionnaire generated 5 subscales – overall satisfaction, complete examination, whole person care, examination time, and patient centeredness. Visual analogue scales (VASs) of 100mm were provided with each single question item and each subscale. Results – The questionnaire appeared reliable and valid. Internal consistency scores Cronbach’s α were between 0.7-0.9 and test-retest reliability Cohen’s κ was greater than 0.7 for each item. Concurrent validity Pearson’s r between total questionnaire and VASs was 0.60, P < 0.001; each subscale scores 0.8 < r < 0.9, P < 0.0001, and each question score 0.8 < r < 0.9, P < 0.0001. Comparison of mean scores of five different subscales for five different outpatient clinics yielded F ratios between 4.3-9.8 (P < 0.05, df = 4, 95% CI) establishing discriminant validity. Conclusions – Overall, the patients’ satisfaction appeared to be high. Further works should be undertaken adapting the questionnaire globally in different languages.

Introdução e objetivos: A determinação do grau de satisfação dos pacientes de um hospital homeopático, pode producir impacto substancial nos esforços para melhorar o o estado de saúde e a qualidade da atenção proporcionada. Neste estudo, avaliamos o grau de satisfação dos pacientes, depois das consultas médicas, bem como a validade e confiabilidade do questionário utilizado. Métodos: Estudo transversal com desenho observacional realizado em fevereiro de 2013 com 390 voluntários em 5 ambulatórios da Facultade e Hospital de Medicina Homeopática Mahesh Bhattacharyya, pertencente a rede pública Bengala Ocidental, Howrah, India. Foi autoaplicado um breve questionário japonês de satisfação com as consultas médicas, traduzido para o bengalí, com 12 ítems respondidos em uma escala tipo Likert de 5 pontos. O questionario gerou 5 sub-escalas: satisfação global; exame completo; atenção do paciente como um todo; duração da consulta; foco no paciente. As respostas de cada ítem e sub-escala também incluíam uma escala visual analógica de 100 mm. Resultados: O questionário se mostrou válido e confiável. Sua consistência interna foi comprovada por valores entre 0,7 e 0,9 do coeficiente α de Cronbach, e a confiabilidade teste-reteste pelo coeficiente kappa de Cohen, cujo valor foi superior a 0,7 em todos os ítens. A validez concorrente do coeficiente r de Pearson correspondente a pontuação total do questionário a as EVAs foram de 0,60, p<0,001; pontuação de cada escala 0,8 < r < 0,9, p<0,0001, e pontuação de cada ítem 0,8 < r < 0,9, p<0,0001. A comparação das pontuações médias das 5 subescalas correspondentes aos 5 ambulatorios resultaram en valores de razão F de 4,3-9,8 (p<0,05, df = 4, intervalo de confiança de 95%), comprovando a validez discriminante do questionário. Em geral, os pacientes reportaram alta satisfação. Novos estudos são necessários para adaptar o questionário utilizado neste estudo a outros idiomas, para uso global.

Homoeopathic treatment of vitiligo: an open observational pilot study

Background: Vitiligo is a common hypopigmentation disorder with significant psychological impact. An evaluation of homeopathic treatment was performed in individuals with vitiligo in a hospital outpatient clinic in West Bengal, India. Methods: Thirty participants (median age 27 years old, 57% female) were recruited for a prospective open-label pilot study and treated with individualized homeopathic medicines for 6 months. Efficacy was assessed after 3 months and 6 months using Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) score, Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF) score, and Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI) score, which are validated outcome measures evaluating the area, intensity, spread of depigmentation of vitiligo lesions, and quality of life (QoL). Results: A total of 27 participants completed the trial; 3 dropped out. After 6 months of treatment, the median VASI total score improved significantly by 0.1 units (p=0.003), from 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) to 0.7 (0.3, 0.8) on a scale from 0 (no depigmentation) to 100 (completely depigmented). Similarly, the VETF median score improved by 2 units (p=0.0001) from 1 (0, 1) to –1 (–1, 0) and the staging score changed from 1 (1, 2) to 1 (0, 1), p=0.002. The total DLQI median score exhibited significant reduction from 21 (17, 22) to 13.6 (10, 17), change 7.4 (p=0.0001), as also did its components. Conclusions: Individualized homeopathic treatment associated with significant improvement of VASI, VETF and DLQI scores. The extent to which the observed effects were due to placebo needs clarification in future randomized double-blind clinical studies preceded by feasibility studies.

Introdução: Vitiligo é uma desordem de hipopigmentação de ocorrência comum, com impacto psicológico significativo. Foi avaliado o tratamento homeopático de indivíduos com vitiligo no ambulatório de um hospital em Bengala Ocidental, Índia. Métodos: Trinta participantes (idade mediana 27 anos, sendo 57% do gênero feminino) foram recrutados para o presente estudo piloto prospectivo aberto e tratados com medicamentos homeopáticos individualizados por 6 meses. A eficácia do tratamento foi avaliada aos 3 e 6 meses mediante Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) score, Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF), e Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI), que são medidas validadas de desfecho correspondendo à área, intensidade e disseminação da depigmentação causada por vitiligo, assim como a qualidade de vida (QV). Resultados: Um total de 27 participantes completou o estudo, sendo que 3 abandonaram. Depois de 6 meses de tratamento, a mediana do escore total do VASI apresentou melhora significativa de 0,1 unidade (p=0,003) passando de 0,8 (0,5, 1,5) para 0,7 (0,3, 0,8), numa escala de 0 (sem depigmentação) a 100 (depigmentação completa). De modo similar, a mediana do escore VETF de disseminação melhorou em 2 unidades (p=0,0001) de 1 (0, 1) a –1 (–1, 0), e o escore de estadiamento variou de 1 (1, 2) para 1 (0, 1), p=0,002. O escore total mediano de DLQI diminuiu de 21 (17, 22) a 13,6 (10, 17), com uma variação de 7,4 (p=0,0001); variação também foi constatada nos componentes de DLQI. Conclusões: O tratamento homeopático individualizado se associou com melhora significativa nos escores de VASI, VETF e DLQI. A parte dos efeitos possivelmente devida a efeito placebo precisa ser determinada em futuros estudos clínicos randomizados e duplo cego, após a realização de estudos de factibilidade.

A study on drug utilization and prescription habits of physicians in a government homeopathic hospital in West Bengal, India / 中西医结合学报

Improper prescribing habits and inappropriate drug use lead to serious health and economic consequences. This study was undertaken to evaluate drug utilization services and prescription patterns of homeopathic doctors in a government homeopathic teaching hospital in India.