Analyzing pmrA and pmrB genes in Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to colistin in Shahid Rajai Shiraz, Iran Hospital by PCR: First report in Iran

Acinetobacter baumanni is known as a worldwide emerging nosocomial infections and it is classified as one of the six dangerous microorganisms by Diseases Society of America. Multi drug-resistant strains of A. baumannii have been reported in recent decades, which may be a result of the high use of antimicrobial agents. Colistin is the last form of treatment against this organism. The presence of pmrA and pmrB genes in A. baumannii causes the resistance of this organism against Colistin. This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 samples of A. baumannii isolated from ulcer, urinary, respiratory, blood of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Shahid Rajai Shiraz hospital within a 12- month period. The diagnosis was performed by microscopic and biochemical testing using microgen kits. Determining Colistin resistance was carried out by Diffusion Disc, Colistin antibiotic disc of MAST- England and E-test. The analysis of genes pmrA and pmrB genes was done by PCR. 100 A. baumannii samples were diagnosed out of which using diffusion disk 94 cases were sensitive to Colistin and 6 cases were resistant to it. The E-test results in resistant samples presented an MIC equal to 64 micrograms per milliliter. The PCR results in sensitive and resistant to Colistin samples presented the existence of pmrA and pmrB genes. The results indicated the presence of pmrA and pmrB genes that are the main reason of A. baumannii resistance against the last line of treatment of this organism to Colistin

In-vitro antibacterial properties of sage [salvia officinalis] ethanol extract against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae

Due to excessive consumption of synthetic drugs, drug resistance rate of pathogenic bacteria is increasing and the need to find new compounds is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of, sage to the four species of common pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs in vitro such as: Staphylococcus aureus [50 strains], Escherichia coli [50 strains], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [50 strains] and Klebsiella pneumonia [50 strains]. In this experimental study, antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of sage plants on the development of multi-drug resistant bacteria was performed by well diffusion at concentrations of 50, 400, 100 mg/mLand microdilution method. Ethanol extracts of sage in well diffusion method showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of isolated bacteria. The results indicate the inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of sage with MIC [Minimum Inhibitory Concentration] =18.75 mg/mL for S. aureus, MIC=26.56 mg/mL for E. coli, MIC=33.75 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa and with MIC=31.25 mg/mL for K. pneumoniae. In relation with the antibacterial effect of ethanol extracts of Sage on the multi-drug resistant bacteria the use of herbs as an alternative to antibiotics after pharmacological studies, for treatment recommended

effect of gold nanoparticle on renal function in rats

This study aimed to address the gold nanoparticle[GNP]-dose and exposure duration effect on the kidney function of rats: in vivo. A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were used in this study. Animals were randomly divided into groups, three GNP-treated groups and control group. Group 1, 2 and 3 received. /5 cc of solution containing 5, 10,100 ppm Au via IP injection for 7 successive days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5% normal saline. Several biochemical parameters such as BUN [blood urea nitrogen], creatine and uric acid were evaluated at various time points [7 and 14 days]. After 14 days, the tissue of kidney was collected and investigated. There was no significant difference between the control and the intervention group regarding the amount of creatine-BUN and uric acid. The amount of creatine-BUN and uric acid showed increase in all the groups [except group1 [creatine] and group 2 [uric acid]] in the 7 and 14 days after intervention compared to the control group, but this difference was not significant. Results of histopatological tissue kidney showed: in group 1 and 3, complete destruction of the proximal tubules and distal cortical, in group 2, almost complete destruction of proximal tubules and distal. The induced histological alterations might be an indication of injured renal tubules due to GNPs toxicity that become unable to deal with the accumulated residues resulting from metabolic and structural disturbances caused by these NPs

acute liver injury in rat caused by gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles [GNPs] command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge. A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal [IP] injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase [SGOT] and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase [SGPT] were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated. SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3. The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups

Investigation between alcoholic extract and essential oil melissa officinalis L. new in growth inhibition of E. coli

Therapy of plant is not any side effects and drug resustant for inhibition of disease in world. In this study, antimicrobial effects of Melissa officinalis L. ethanol exteract and essential oil on E. coli have been investigated. In this investigation, diameter of inhibitory zone of these materials was measured in disk agar diffusion method. Therefore, Melissa officinalisL. ethanolic exteract [80%] and essential oil have been supplied. Then, antimicrobial activity these substances next for 24 hour for ethanol extraction 80% concentration 50 to 1000 mg/mL and essential oil concentration with 3% to 100% has been considered. Also, comparison of mean diameter of inhibitory zone between treatment and control groups of ANOVA has been used. Results of these investigations were shown that extract ethanol Melissa officinalis L. was any inhibitory effect on E. coli growth 24 hour after of treatment. Also, diameter of inhibitory zone for 100% essential oil have been 33.2 +/- 0.13mm in E. coli that has been increased in comparison control groups significantly [p=0.001]. This inhibitory effects was more than cefixime and cefteriaxone [p=0.00, p=0.01]. These found were shown that this plant prevents growth of E. coli In vitro condition. This essential oil could be suggested as antimicrobial agents for inhibition of bacterial diseases in human

[Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 isolated from chicken meat in Shahrekord, Iran]

Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Yersinia, family Enterobacteriaceae. In humans, Y. enterocolitica are well-known food-borne pathogens which are mainly transmitted by water and food. Its epidemic often appears after the ingestion of contaminated foods, especially contaminated meat such as chicken. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 in Chicken meat in Shahrekord, Iran. In this study, 300 chicken meat samples were randomly obtained from local supermarkets of Shahrekord. Under strile conditions, 25 g of each sample was taken into 10 ml phosphate buffered saline [pH 7.2] and was homogenized by Stomacher and incubated at 4[degree]C for two weeks. At weekly intervals, a suspension aliquot was cultured linearly on Cefsulodin Irgasan Novobiocin Agar [CIN]. The positive sampals were examined by PCR method, to determine the presence of O:3 serotype. Using culture and PCR method, 65 of the total 300 chicken meat samples were found positive; thus, the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica contamination was 21.66%. Of these, 10 [15.38%] were found to be positive for Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 serotype. The results of this study indicated the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in chicken meat. Moreover, it was shown that this bacterium is easily transmitted by food and also easily grows in refrigerators at 4 degrees Celsius. Concerning these results, it is recommended that health authorities of Iran consider this issue more seriously, to prevent the health and economic problems which are resulted from it.