Hydration in soccer: a review

Hydration should be considered before, during and after the exercise. This review intends to approach the main points of hydration process in soccer. The replacement of fluids during exercise is proportional to some factors, such as: exercise intensity; climatic conditions; the athlete's acclimatization; the athlete's physical conditioning; physiologic individual characteristics and the player's biomechanics. Performance is improved when players ingest not only water but also carbohydrate. The rates that carbohydrate and water are absorbed by the organism are limited by the rates of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. The composition of drinks offered to the players should be influenced by the relative importance of the need of supplying carbohydrates or water; it should be remembered that the depletion of carbohydrate can result in fatigue and decrease of performance, but it is not usually a life-threatening condition. The addition of carbohydrate in these drinks increases the concentrations of blood glucose, increases the use of external fuel through the increase of the glucose oxidation in the muscles and it spares muscle glycogen. So, the ingestion of carbohydrate before and during the exercise can delay the emergence of fatigue and increase the players' performance. Several tactics can be used to avoid dehydration, like hyperhydration before exercise and player's acclimatization. The ideal situation to restore the player's fluid losses is between the sessions of exercises. Since soccer is a sport with quite peculiar characteristics related to hydration, the players should be concerned and educated about the importance of fluid ingestion before, during and after the exercise

Avaliação da taxa metabólica basal de mulheres com obesidade mórbida residentes no interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Assesment of basal metabolic rate of morbio obses women of inner São paulo sate, Brazil

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a taxa metabólica basal (TMB) de mulheres com obesidade mórbida residentes no interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, comparando a TMB medida por calorimetria indireta com a TMB calculada usando as equações de Harris-Benediet e da Food Agriculture Organization 1 World Heaith Organization (FAOIWHO), e determinar se é importante a medida da TMB por calorimetria indireta, para elaboração de programas para redução de peso com dieta e exercício nesta população. A taxa metabólica basal de 20 pacientes com obesidade mórbida (IMC, 40,3 a 64,3 kdm'), com idade média de 39,3 anos (DP = 6,4), foi medida por calorimetria indireta e comparada com a TMB calculada pelas equações de predição de Harris-Benedict e FAOIWHO. Foi realizado um estudo de reprodutibilidade o calculado os coefici- entes de correlação intraciasses para comparar a TMB medida com as calculadas por equações. A média da TMB medida por calorimetria indireta foi de 2023,0 kcal/dia (DP = 401,9), e não houve concordância com as equações de predição de Harris-Benedict (p = 0,08) e FAOIWHO (p = 0,08). Concluímos que as equações de predição de Harris-Benedict e FAOIWHO não permitem uma estimativa real da taxa metabólica basal de mulheres com obesidade mórbida residentes no interior do estado de São Paulo. Portanto, a mensuração da taxa metabólica basal por calorimetria indireta, nestas pacientes, é importante para elaboração de programas para redução de peso corporal com dieta e exercício.