Chronic effects of school physical activity on cognitive performance in youngs: a systematic review protocol / Efeitos crônicos da atividade física escolar no desempenho cognitivo de jovens: um protocolo de revisão sistemática

Recent systematic reviews point out the positive acute effects of physical activity on executive func-tions in children and adolescents, but the chronic effects in this age group are still uncertain. This study aims to describe a systematic review with meta-analysis protocol to elucidate the chronic effects of physical activity at school on the executive functions and attention of children and ad-olescents, considering the effect-moderators and examining different interventions in the school environment. A systematic search will be carried out for studies published in the PUBMED, Em-base, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that meet the following predefined criteria (PICOS criteria) will be included: 1) studies conducted with healthy children and adolescents (6-18 years-old), 2) studies with physical activity interventions in school, 3) studies conducted with a control group, and 4) studies with cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibitory control and attention outcomes. Target outcomes will be extracted as pre-and post-test values. Intervention time, frequencies, intensity, volume, session time, and intervention type will be extracted for meta-regres-sion analysis. For methodological quality will be using the tool for the assessment of study quality and reporting in exercise training studies. Pooled effect estimates will be calculated from the scores of changes between baseline and end of interventions. The effect size will be expressed as Cohens' and presented as standardized mean differences and calculations will be performed using random-effects models. Statistical heterogeneity will be evaluated by Cochran's Q statistic and the I² inconsistency test. The meta-analyses will be performed using OpenMeta[Analyst]

Revisões sistemáticas recentes apontam os efeitos agudos positivos da atividade física nas funções executivas em crianças e adolescentes, mas os efeitos crônicos nessa faixa etária ainda são incertos. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever o protocolo de revisão sistemática e meta-análise que busca elucidar os efeitos crônicos da atividade física no ambiente escolar sobre as funções executivas e atenção de crianças e adolescentes, conside-rando os efeitos-moderadores e examinando diferentes tipos de intervenções no ambiente escolar. Será reali-zada uma busca sistemática de estudos publicados nas bases de dados PUBMED, Embase, Scopus e Cochrane Library. Serão incluídos estudos que atendam aos seguintes critérios pré-definidos (critérios PICOS): 1) estudos realizados com crianças e adolescentes saudáveis (6-18 anos), 2) estudos com intervenções de ativi-dade física na escola, 3) estudos de intervenção, randomizados ou não, realizados com grupo controle e 4) estudos com flexibilidade, memória de trabalho, controle inibitório e resultados de atenção. Os resultados alvo serão extraídos como valores pré e pós-teste. Tempo de intervenção, frequências, intensidade, volume, tempo de sessão e tipo de intervenção serão extraídos para análise de meta-regressão. Para a qualidade metodológica será utilizado o instrumento para avaliação da qualidade do estudo e relato em estudos de treinamento físico. As estimativas de efeito agrupadas serão calculadas a partir das pontuações das mudanças entre a linha de base e o final das intervenções. O tamanho do efeito será expresso em Cohens e apresentado como diferenças médias padronizadas e os cálculos serão realizados utilizando modelos de efeitos aleatórios. A heterogeneida-de estatística será avaliada pela estatística Q de Cochran e pelo teste de inconsistência I². As meta-análises serão realizadas usando OpenMeta[Analyst]

Prevalence of responders of a school intervention at physical fitness and mental health of children: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract Aim: to verify the effect of a physical education program at school on physical fitness and mental health in children and to determine the individual prevalence of responders. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study, developed with 67 children aged between 6 and 11 years old. (8.09 ± 1.81). A 21-week intervention was performed, that intervention condition (IC) consisted of sports and circuit training, and nutritional education. For the control condition (CC) classes followed to the Common Curricular National Base. The following variables were evaluated at baseline and post-intervention: physical fitness and mental health through the strength and difficulties questionnaire. Mixed analysis of variance and the prevalence of responders were used for statistical analysis. Results: The main results indicate that there were improvements in the IC in the components of physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, speed, and agility) and mental health indicators (total difficulties, emotional symptoms, problems with peers, and prosocial behavior) after a school physical education program in comparison with the CC. Concerning the prevalence of responders between groups, it was found differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (CC: 33.33%; IC: 65.38%), agility (CC: 36.66%; IC: 73.07%), speed (CC: 43.33%; IC: 79.16%), emotional symptoms (CC: 28.57%; IC: 50.00%), and prosocial behavior (CC: 17.14%; IC: 46.87%). Conclusion: It is reinforced that well-planned physical education classes and simple intervention programs can be adopted at the school level and are capable of promoting children's physical and mental health.

Volumen plaquetario medio como predictor de la mortalidad en pacientes con sepsis: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Mean platelet volume as a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción: El volumen medio plaquetario (VMP) es un biomarcador utilizado en el abordaje integral de la sepsis. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre VMP con la mortalidad en pacientes con sepsis. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios observacionales en cinco bases de datos. Se analizó la mortalidad asociada con la sepsis; las intervenciones consideradas fueron VMP, APACHE y lactato sérico. Resultados: Respecto a la mortalidad asociada a sepsis, se encontró un valor significativo en la VMP a las 72 horas (200 fallecidos versus 654 no fallecidos; MD 0.83 IC95% 0.53-1.13, p=< 0.0001, I2 =72.9%); así como el valor de APACHE II (220 muertos frente a 604 no fallecidos; MD 0.81 IC95% 0.62-1.0, p= 0.0001, I2 =32%). No se encontró significancia estadística para las demás variables clínicas. Conclusiones: El aumento de la VMP se asocia con mayor riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con sepsis, especialmente después de 72 horas de evolución de las características clínicas.

Introduction: Platelet mean volume (MVP) is a biomarker used in the integral approach to sepsis. Objective: To assess the association between MVP and mortality in patients with sepsis. Methods: A systematic review of observational studies in five databases was performed. Mortality associated with sepsis was analysed; interventions considered were MPV, APACHE and serum lactate. Results: Regarding mortality associated with sepsis, a significant value was found in the MVP at 72 hours (200 deceased versus 654 not deceased; MD 0.83 IC95% 0.53-1.13, p=<0.0001, I2 =72.9%); as well as the value of APACHE II (220 dead versus 604 not deceased; MD 0.81 IC95% 0.62-1.0, p= 0.0001, I2 =32%). No statistical significance was found for the other clinical variables. Conclusions: Increased MVP is associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with sepsis, especially after 72 hours of evolution of clinical features.

Caracterización de los estilos de vida en dueñas de casa chilenas: análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / Lifestyles of Chilean housewives: analysis of the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey

Background: Housewives represent a important proportion of the Chilean population. However, there is limited evidence about their lifestyles. Aim: To characterize lifestyles and determine the level of compliance with healthy lifestyles guidelines of housewives in Chile. Material and Methods: Housewives from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included. The variables studied included levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, diet, hours of sleep and smoking. Compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviors was evaluated through logistic regression, granting a value of 1 for compliance and 0 for non-compliance. A healthy lifestyle was defined as meeting at least four healthy behaviors. Results: Housewives aged > 55 years had a higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those aged < 40 years. Housewives were also more likely to report moderate alcohol consumption and were more likely to meet a healthier lifestyle score (Odds ratio = 1.52 [95% confidence intervals: 1.09 to 2.11], p = 0.013). No significant age trends were observed for other lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions: Housewives had high levels of central obesity, excess body weight and high levels of salt intake but low alcohol intake. Their healthy lifestyles behaviors increased along with increasing age.

Impacto de las condiciones sociodemográficas sobre el control prenatal en Latinoamérica / Impact of sociodemographic conditions on prenatal care in Latin America

Resumen Introducción. El control prenatal corresponde a una estrategia encaminada a prevenir las posibles complicaciones del embarazo, el parto y el puerperio. Diversos estudios aislados se han realizado para identificar factores que pueden afectar de forma negativa el control prenatal. Objetivo. Realizar una síntesis cualitativa de la literatura respecto al impacto de las condiciones sociodemográficas sobre el control prenatal en Latinoamérica. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura a junio de 2018 en las bases de datos EBSCO, Embase, ScienceDirect, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE-PubMed y Google Scholar, con los términos "prenatal care" AND "Health services accessibility" AND "Pregnancy, Health services accessibility" AND "Pregnancy, prenatal care" AND "Health services accessibility" y sin límite de tiempo. Resultados. Se encontraron 13 artículos con información relevante para el desarrollo de la presente revisión. Conclusiones. La literatura disponible sugiere que condiciones sociodemográficas desfavorables podrían incidir de manera negativa sobre el control prenatal. El cuidado del hogar, la atención de otros hijos, la afiliación al sistema de seguridad social, la obligación laboral y el desempleo parecen ser los principales factores que afectan la calidad del mismo.

Abstract Introduction: Prenatal care is a strategy aimed at preventing the possible complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Several isolated studies have been conducted to identify factors that may negatively affect prenatal care. Objective: To make a qualitative synthesis of the literature regarding the impact of sociodemographic conditions on prenatal care in Latin America. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in June 2018 on the EBSCO, Embase, ScienceDirect, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE-PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the following terms: "prenatal care" AND "Health services accessibility" AND "Pregnancy, Health services accessibility" AND "Pregnancy, prenatal care" AND "Health services accessibility". No time limits were considered in the search. Results: Thirteen articles with information relevant to the development of the present review were found. Conclusions: The available literature suggests that unfavourable socio-demographic conditions may have a negative impact on prenatal care. Household care, care of other children, affiliation to the social security system, obligation to work and unemployment seem to be the main factors affecting the quality of prenatal care.

Influencia de la edad sobre el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud en Chile 2009-2010 / Adherence to physical activity recommendations across age categories: Findings from the 2009-2010 Chilean National Health Survey

RESUMEN A pesar de que la actividad física (AF) es un factor protector contra las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, un gran porcentaje de la población no cumple los niveles mínimos recomendados. El objetivo fue investigar como varían los niveles de práctica de AF entre los diferentes grupos etarios en la población chilena. Se incluyeron 5.133 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. La AF fue determinada utilizando el cuestionario GPAQ. La inactividad física fue definida como <600 MET/min/semana de AF moderada a vigorosa. La asociación entre AF y edad fue investigada por sexo mediante regresión logística. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivas en comparación a los hombres (p<0,0001). Al analizar la prevalencia de inactividad física por sexo y grupo etario, esta cambió ligeramente entre los 20 a 59 años, pero a partir de los 60 se observó un incremento importante en la prevalencia llegando a 63% y 56% para mujeres y hombres >80 años, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la necesidad de seguir fomentando la práctica regular de AF física a través de todo el ciclo vital, pero en especial sobre los 60 años, ya que este grupo presenta una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivo.

ABSTRACT Although physical activity (PA) is a protective factor against non-communicable diseases, there is an important proportion of the population who do not meet PA guidelines. Our aim was to investigate how adherence to PA guidelines varies across different age groups in the Chilean population. 5,133 participants from the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey were included in this study. PA was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as <600 MET/min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity PA. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association of PA with age. The main finding of this shows that women were more likely to be inactive than men (p<0.0001). Physical inactivity prevalence varied slightly between 20 and 59 years. However, among those individuals aged >60 years the prevalence increased markedly, reaching 63% and 56% for women and men aged >80 years, respectively. These findings confirm the necessity of promoting PA across the lifespan, but more importantly, these results suggest that more promotion and opportunities for engaging in PA should be created especially for older adults, who are more likely to be physically inactive.

Relación entre niveles de actividad física y sedentarismo con síndrome metabólico. ENS Chile 2009-2010 / Relationship between levels of physical activity and sedentarism with metabolic syndrome. ENS Chile 2009-2010

Resumen: Objetivo: Asociar una nueva e integradora clasificación de actividad física (AF) y sedentarismo con riesgo de síndrome metabólico (SM) en una muestra representativa de adultos chilenos. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 5040 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile 2009-2010. Fueron creadas cuatro categorías mediante una combinación entre niveles de AF y sedentarismo (SED) usando el cuestionario GPAQ. El SM fue definido según las normas del NCEP ATP-III. Resultados: Se observa una menor probabilidad de presentar SM sólo en las categorías que cumplen con las recomendaciones internacionales de AF (p<0.05), "activo y bajo-SED" (RM=0.72 [0.57 a 0.91]) y "activo y alto-SED" (RM=0.63 [0.49 a 0.81]). El nivel de sedentarismo (alto/bajo) no se asoció con una reducción significativa de SM en ninguno de los grupos. Conclusiones: Este tipo de clasificación demuestra que la principal estrategia para reducir el riesgo de SM debiera estar asociada con cumplir las recomendaciones de AF.

Abstract: Objective: To use a new methodology to classify the level of physical activity (PA) by combining the levels of PA and sedentary time (SED) in order to establish its association with metabolic syndrome (MS). Materials and methods: A representative sample of Chilean adults (≥18 years old) who participated in the National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010) was included in this study (n=5 040). Four categories were created using a combination of PA and SED levels through the GPAQ questionnaire. MS was defined according to the norms established by NCEP ATP-III. Results: A lower probability of MS was observed only in the categories that comply with the international recommendations of PA, "active and low-SED" (OR=0.72 [0.57 to 0.91]) and "active and high-SED" (OR=0.63 [0.49 to 0.81]). While the level of SED (high/low) was not associated with a significant reduction of MS in any of the groups. Conclusions: This type of classification demonstrates that the main strategy to reduce the risk of MS should be associated with compliance with the recommendations of PA.

Revisión Bibliográfica: Glicocálix Endotelial como Blanco de Agresión del Fenómeno Isquemia Reperfusión / Bibliographic Review: Endothelial Glycocalyx as Target of Aggression of the Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

El glicocálix endotelial es una estructura rica en glucosaminoglicanos, proteoglicanos y glucoproteínas que recubre el endotelio vascular; además de ser una estructura de protección, al estar en contacto directo con la sangre se convierte en el blanco de agresión de diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos. El fenómeno isquemia-reperfusión se presenta comúnmente en varias entidades del paciente crítico, incluyendo: eventos cerebro vasculares isquémicos, síndrome coronario agudo, sepsis y choque en sus distintos tipos, traumatismos mayores, cirugía y trasplante. Las complicaciones derivadas de este fenómeno son múltiples y dependientes del sitio de presentación; el común denominador es la disfunción microvascular que potencialmente podría desencadenar un fallo multisistémico. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue realizar una actualización de los conocimientos en relación a la injuria del glicocálix endotelial durante el fenómeno isquemia-reperfusión.(au)

The endothelial glycocalyx is a structure rich in glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that cover vascular endothelium; in addition of being a protective structure, the direct contact with blood turns it the target of aggression of multiple physiopathological mechanisms. The ischemia-reperfusion injury commonly presents in several critical care entities, including: ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndrome, sepsis and shock, major trauma, surgery and transplantation. Complications are multiple and dependent of the site of presentation; the common denominator is microvascular dysfunction that could potentially trigger multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The aim of this bibliographic review was to update the knowledge regarding endothelial glycocalyx damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury.(au)

Efficacy and safety of growing rods in the treatment of scoliosis in children under 10 / Eficácia e segurança de hastes de crescimento no tratamento da escoliose em crianças menores de 10 / Eficacia y seguridad de las barras de alargamiento en el tratamiento de escoliosis en niños menores de 10 años

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of growing rods in the treatment of scoliosis in children aged under 10 years. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of patients under 10 with scoliosis, treated with growing rods from the period between 1997 and 2012. Results: We identified 35 patients treated with growing rods who met the selection criteria. The average age at the start of treatment was 5.9 ± 2.3 years. Most of the patients (51.4%) showed idiopathic etiology scoliosis. Pre-surgery and post-surgery radiographic change showed a 47.7% reduction in Cobb angle (p>0.001). We identified 8 patients with some complication, the most prevalent being instrumentation failure (22.9%). The only predicting factor for post-operative complications was the total number of lengthenings performed (OR=7.03; CI 95% [1.1-45.4]; p=0.040). Conclusions: Treatment of scoliosis with growing rods in patients aged under 10 achieved a significant reduction in the magnitude of the deformity before final bone fusion. However, the rate of complications is rather high, therefore we recommend reducing the frequency of lengthenings to the minimum needed to maintain correction and longitudinal growth of the spine. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia e segurança de hastes de crescimento no tratamento de escoliose em crianças menores de 10 anos. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes menores de 10 anos com escoliose, tratados com hastes de crescimento entre 1997 e 2012. Resultados: Identificamos 35 pacientes, que foram tratados com hastes de crescimento, que satisfizeram os critérios de seleção. A idade média no início do tratamento foi de 5,9 ± 2,3 anos. A maioria dos pacientes (51,4%) apresentou escoliose de etiologia idiopática. A alteração radiográfica pré e pós-operatória mostra uma redução de 47,7% do ângulo de Cobb (p> 0,001). Foram identificados 8 pacientes com alguma complicação, sendo falha de instrumentação a mais prevalente (229%). O único fator preditivo para complicações pós-operatórias foi o número total de alongamentos realizados (OR = 7,03; IC95% [1,1-45,4]; p = 0,040). Conclusão: O tratamento para escoliose em pacientes com menos de 10 anos com hastes de crescimento alcançou uma redução significativa na magnitude da deformidade antes da fusão óssea final. No entanto, a frequência de complicações é bastante alta e, para isso, recomendamos reduzir ao mínimo a frequência de alongamentos, a fim de manter a correção e o crescimento longitudinal da coluna. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia y seguridad de las barras de alargamiento en el tratamiento de la escoliosis en niños menores de 10 años. Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de registros médicos de pacientes menores de 10 años con escoliosis, tratados mediante barras de alargamiento entre 1997 y 2012. Resultados: Se identificaron 35 pacientes tratados con barras de alargamiento que satisfacían los criterios de selección. El promedio de edad al inicio del tratamiento fue de 5,9 ± 2,3 años. La mayoría de los pacientes (51,4%) tenían escoliosis de etiología idiopática. El cambio radiográfico prequirúrgico y postquirúrgico mostró reducción del 47,7% en el ángulo de Cobb (p > 0,001). Se identificaron 8 pacientes con alguna complicación, siendo el fallo del instrumental más prevalente (22,9%). El único factor predictor de complicaciones postoperatorias fue el número total de alargamientos realizados (OR = 7,03; IC 95% [1,1-45,4]; p = 0,040). Conclusiones: El tratamiento de la escoliosis con barras de alargamiento en pacientes menores de 10 años logró una reducción significativa de la magnitud de la deformidad antes de la fusión ósea definitiva. Sin embargo, la tasa de complicaciones es bastante alta, por lo cual se recomienda disminuir la frecuencia de alargamientos al mínimo necesario para mantener la corrección y el crecimiento longitudinal de la columna vertebral. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Serie de Casos.

Complicaciones postoperatorias del manejo quirúrgico de escoliosis / Post-operative complications after surgical management of scoliosis

Introducción La tasa de complicaciones en cirugía de escoliosis sigue siendo alta. Lo que buscamos con este estudio es saber que características de los pacientes se relacionan con la presentación de complicaciones perioperatorias y poder usar esta informacion para la toma de medidas preventivas. Materiales y métodos Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con escoliosis llevados a cirugía para corrección de su deformidad, obteniendo 230 pacientes y 318 procedimientos. Variables sociodemográficas fueron evaluadas con medidas de tendencia central, posteriormente se realizó un análisis bivariado y finalmente un análisis de regresión logística multinomial. Resultados Con una p<0,005 se encontró por diagnostico: escoliosis neuromuscular y sindromática un 28,8 y 16,66% de neumonías y una prevalencia de 15,87 y 33,33% de derrame pleural respectivamente. Escoliosis Congénita 1,88% tuvo Infección de vías urinarias. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística obteniendo a la edad como principal predictor para presentación de complicaciones, siendo más frecuentes en los pacientes más jóvenes (p<0,000). Discusión Se encontró que a menor edad mas frecuente era la presentación de complicaciones, resultado no reportado previamente, pero que sirve para respaldar la conducta conservadora en pacientes con escoliosis de inicio temprano. Las complicaciones mas comunes fueron las pulmonares. Escoliosis neuromuscular es el diagnostico que mas complicaciones reportó. Datos comparables con la literatura que se deben tener en cuenta para tomar medidas de prevención y el desarrollo de planes de mejoramiento.

Background The rate of complications in scoliosis surgery remains high. This study intends to determine the characteristics of the patients that are related to the presentation of perioperative complications, and to be able to use this information to take preventive measures. Material and Method Descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study, including 230 patients and 318 procedures, was conducted on patients with scoliosis who underwent surgery to correct their deformity. Socio-demographic variables were evaluated using measures of central tendency measurements, followed by a bivariate analysis, and finally a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results A significance of P<.005 was found for diagnosis: neuromuscular and syndromic scoliosis presented with 28.8 and 16.66% of pneumonias, and a prevalence of 15.87 and 33.33% for pleural effusion, respectively. A urinary tract infection (1.88%) was observed in Congenital Scoliosis. A logistic regression model was performed, observing age as the main predictor for presenting with complications, and being more frequent in younger patients (P<.000). Discussion It was found that more complications were present in younger patients. This outcome has not been previously reported, but can be used to support conservative behaviour in patients with early-onset scoliosis. The most common complication was pulmonary, with neuromuscular scoliosis being the diagnosis with more complications reported. These data are comparable with those in the literature, and should be taken into account when taking preventive measures and for the development of improvement plans.

Experiencia en la implementación de un protocolo para el tamizaje de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente en instituciones educativas de Bogotá / Implementation of a Protocol for Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis Screening. A Successful experience / Implementação de um protocolo para rastreamento de escoliose idiopática do adolescente. Uma experiência de sucess

Introducción: La escoliosis idiopática del adolescente es una deformidad tridimensional de la columna vertebral con un ángulo >10° en el plano coronal, medido por el método de Cobb, y que afecta a la población entre 10 y 18 años. Aunque se desconocen los mecanismos precisos que llevan a la presentación de esta deformidad, se sugiere que presenta un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante con penetrancia incompleta. Las curvas <20° reciben manejo expectante, las curvas entre 21° y 39° reciben manejo ortésico y el resto de curvas tendrían indicación quirúrgica. Debido a la complejidad y el costo de la cirugía, el beneficio del tratamiento ortésico y el impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes que un diagnóstico tardío puede traer, se ha sugerido la implementación de programas para la detección temprana de esta patología. Objetivos: Narrar de forma breve la experiencia en la aplicación, así como las incidencias y los resultados preliminares, de un protocolo de investigación para el tamizaje de escoliosis. Desarrollo de la experiencia: Durante 2016 se tamizó a 387 estudiantes de dos instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Bogotá. La prevalencia de sospecha de escoliosis fue del 41,3 %. No hubo correlación entre la evaluación de los profesores con los médicos. Solo el 15 % de los participantes asistió a la cita para diagnóstico con especialista en columna; sin embargo, el 76 % de estos presentaron un diagnóstico asociado a deformidad de la columna vertebral. Se añadió una nueva institución para aumentar el impacto social del estudio. Discusión: El alto porcentaje de estudiantes que se beneficiaron de un diagnóstico temprano y la instauración de tratamiento aboga a favor y permite sugerir la utilidad de estos programas de tamizaje; sin embargo, se requiere mayor reconocimiento del problema y más sensibilización por parte de las instituciones educativas para participar en los programas.

Introduction: Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis is a tridimensional deformity of the vertebral spine with an angle greater than 10° measured in the plain view; it is presented in children between 10 and 18 years. Although exact mechanisms by which scoliosis is produced are unknown, it has been suggested that it follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Curves less than 20° receive expectant treatment, between 21 and 39° orthotic management and the rest have surgical indication. Given the complexity and the cost of surgical procedure, the possible benefits of orthotic treatment and the negative impact in life quality of a delayed diagnosis, screening programs had been implemented for early diagnosis worldwide. Objetive: To briefly narrate the experience, incidences and preliminary results in the application of a protocol to screen for idiopathic scoliosis. Develop: in 2016, 387 students were screened in two institutions. Prevalence of a positive screening were 41, 3 %. There was no correlation between teacher and doctors' assessments. Only 15 % of participants assist to control appointment at the hospital; however, 76 % of those who assist were found with a spinal deformity. A new institution was recruited in order to enhance the social impact of our work. Discussion: The great amount of students who benefited from an early diagnosis and treatment, allows us to suggest that screening programs like this one are useful; however it requires increase awareness of the problem by schools and parents in order to achieve full involvement.

Introdução: A escoliose idiopática do adolescente é uma deformidade tridimensional da coluna vertebral com um ângulo superior a 10° medido na vista plana; é apresentado em crianças entre 10 e 18 anos. Embora os mecanismos exatos pelos quais a escoliose é produzida sejam desconhecidos, foi sugerido que ela segue um padrão de herança autossômica dominante com penetrância incompleta. Curvas inferiores a 20° recebem tratamento expectante, entre 21 e 39° de tratamento ortopédico e o restante tem indicação cirúrgica. Dada a complexidade e o custo do procedimento cirúrgico, os possíveis benefícios do tratamento ortótico e o impacto negativo na qualidade de vida de um diagnóstico tardio, foram implementados programas de triagem para o diagnóstico precoce em todo o mundo. Objetivo: narrar brevemente a experiência, incidências e resultados preliminares na aplicação de um protocolo para a triagem de escoliose idiopática. Desenvolver: em 2016, 387 alunos foram selecionados em duas instituições. A prevalência de uma triagem positiva foi de 41, 3%. Não houve correlação entre as avaliações de professores e médicos. Apenas 15% dos participantes auxiliam no controle da consulta no hospital; no entanto, 76% dos que assistiram foram encontrados com uma deformidade da coluna vertebral. Uma nova instituição foi recrutada para aumentar o impacto social do nosso trabalho. Discussão: A grande quantidade de estudantes que se beneficiaram de um diagnóstico e tratamento precoces permite sugerir que programas de triagem como este são úteis; no entanto, exige maior conscientização do problema por parte das escolas e dos pais, a fim de alcançar o envolvimento total.

Evaluation of the veptr system in the management of spinal deformities between 2008 and 2014 at the roosevelt institute / Avaliação do sistema veptr no tratamento das deformidades espinais entre 2008 e 2014 no instituto roosevelt / Evaluación del sistema veptr en el manejo de deformidades espinales entre 2008 a 2014, en el instituto roosevelt

ABSTRACT Objective: Traditional surgical treatments, such as on-site fusion and hemiepiphysiodesis, have not addressed chest deformity in its three dimensions, and are usually insufficient and unpredictable for the management of congenital and neuromuscular scoliosis. The application of the Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR) is a technique developed to treat early-onset progressive scoliosis that elongates the spine and thoracic wall, allowing adequate lung development. Methods: A case series retrospective study was conducted. We included 23 patients, including fifteen females and eight males diagnosed with congenital and neuromuscular scoliosis, who were treated with VEPTR type implants between January 2008 and May 2014. We obtained data about the implant and pre and postoperative radiographic images to assess the magnitude of the curve, and we measured the Cobb angle and length after lengthening, as well as evaluating the complications found. Results: There was an improvement in the postoperative Cobb angle. In patients with congenital scoliosis, deformity correction was 8.6% (p=0.014), and in neuromuscular scoliosis, we observed deformity correction of 19.5% (p=0.009). Likewise, we found gains in thoracic height through the device, which results in an average 10% lengthening of the spine in congenital scoliosis. In this study, we identified complications such as material migrations, rib synostosis, pressure zones, rib fracture, hemothorax, and deep wound infection. Conclusion: The natural history of progressive spinal deformity was improved in most of the minors, through the use of VEPTR. This allows us to continue managing patients in the future, in order to make a deeper assessment of its performance in treatment of early onset scoliosis. Level of Evidence III; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the results of a treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Os tratamentos cirúrgicos tradicionais, como a fusão no local e o hemiepifisiodese, não abordam a deformidade torácica em suas três dimensões e, em geral, revelam-se insuficientes e imprevisíveis para o tratamento da escoliose congênita e neuromuscular. A aplicação de Rib Vertical de Titânio Protético Expansível (VEPTR) é uma técnica desenvolvida para tratar a escoliose progressiva de início precoce, que alonga a parede da coluna e do tórax, permitindo um desenvolvimento pulmonar adequado. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de série de casos. Foram incluídos 23 pacientes, incluindo quinze mulheres e oito homens diagnosticados com escoliose congênita e neuromuscular, que foram tratados com implantes do tipo VEPTR entre janeiro de 2008 e maio de 2014. Foram obtidos dados sobre o implante; imagens radiográficas pré e pós-operatórias para avaliar a magnitude da curva e medimos o ângulo de Cobb e o comprimento após o alongamento, assim como avaliamos as complicações encontradas. Resultados: Melhora no ângulo pós-operatório de Cobb. Nos pacientes com escoliose congênita, a correção da deformidade foi de 8,6% (p = 0,014), e na escoliose neuromuscular observamos uma correção da deformidade de 19,5% (p = 0,009). Da mesma forma, encontramos ganhos na altura torácica através do dispositivo, o que resulta em uma média de 10% de alongamento da coluna vertebral na escoliose congênita. Neste estudo, identificamos complicações como migração de material, sinostose de costelas, zonas de pressão, fratura de costela, hemotórax e infecção profunda da ferida. Conclusão: A história natural da deformidade da coluna vertebral progressiva melhorou na maioria dos menores, através do uso de VEPTR. Isso nos permite continuar administrando pacientes no futuro, a fim de fazer uma avaliação mais profunda de seu desempenho no tratamento da escoliose de início precoce. Nível de evidência III; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Los tratamientos quirúrgicos tradicionales, como la fusión in situ y la hemiepifisiodesis no abordan la deformidad torácica en sus tres dimensiones y, en general, resultan insuficientes e impredecibles para el tratamiento de la escoliosis congénita y neuromuscular. El uso del sistema VEPTR (prótesis vertical expansible de titanio) es una técnica desarrollada para tratar la escoliosis progresiva de inicio temprano alargando la pared de la columna y del tórax, que permite el desarrollo pulmonar adecuado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de serie de casos. Se incluyeron 23 pacientes, quince mujeres y ocho hombres con diagnóstico de escoliosis congénita y neuromuscular, tratados con implante tipo VEPTR entre enero de 2008 y mayo de 2014. Se obtuvieron datos sobre el implante e imágenes radiográficas pre y posoperatorias para evaluar la magnitud de la curva, y se midieron el ángulo de Cobb y la longitud luego del alargamiento, así como evaluamos complicaciones encontradas. Resultados: Se demostró mejoría en el ángulo de Cobb postoperatorio. En los pacientes con escoliosis congénita, la corrección de la deformidad fue del 8,6% (p = 0,014) y en la escoliosis neuromuscular, observamos corrección del 19,5% (p = 0,009). De la misma forma, encontramos aumentos en la altura torácica con el dispositivo, lo que resulta en un alargamiento promedio del 10% de la columna vertebral en escoliosis congénita. En este estudio, identificamos complicaciones como migración de material, sinostosis de costillas, zonas de presión, fractura de costillas, hemotórax e infección profunda de la herida. Conclusión: La historia natural de la deformidad progresiva de la columna vertebral mejoró en la mayoría de los niños con el uso del VEPTR. Esto nos permite seguir tratando pacientes en el futuro, a fin de hacer una evaluación más profunda de su desempeño en el tratamiento de la escoliosis de inicio temprano. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Tiempo destinado a estar sentado y niveles de adiposidad ¿Cuál es su efecto sobre el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2? / The joint effect of sitting time and obesity on the odds of developing type 2 diabetes

Background: Obesity and sedentary behavior are risk factors acting independently in the development of type 2 diabetes. Aim: To investigate whether the association between diabetes and obesity is modified by the levels of sitting time (ST) in the Chilean population. Material and Methods: We included 4,611 participants from the cross-sectional 2009-2010 Chilean National Health Survey in this study. Diabetes was determined as fasting glucose levels ≥126 mg/dl. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured using standardized protocols. Sitting time was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association among diabetes, obesity and ST was determined using logistic regression. Results: The odds for diabetes increased by 3.1-fold in people with high levels of ST and obesity in comparison to those with low levels of ST and normal BMI (Odds ratio (OR): 4.17 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.87 to 6.05], P < 0.01). The odds for diabetes increased by 2.7- fold in highly sedentary subjects with central obesity (OR: 3.73 [95% IC: 2.61 to 5.33], P < 0.01) in comparison to those with low levels of ST and normal WC. Conclusions: Elevated levels of sitting time and obesity are associated with a higher odds of developing diabetes.

Comparación de los niveles de actividad física durante la vida universitaria / Comparison of the physical activity levels during the university life

Background: A high percentage of Chilean university students are inactive. Aim: To determine differences in physical activity (PA) levels and energy expenditure in a group of university students according to their length of stay in the university. Material and Methods: We studied 56 students aged 22 ± 2 years (29 women). They wore a triaxial accelerometer during seven days, determining steps/day, steps/min, sedentary time and PA levels. Participants also answered a PA questionnaire. Their weight and height were measured. They were divided in two groups according to the time spent at university (1-2 years and 3-5 years). Results: No significant differences in energy expenditure were observed between both groups of students. The number of steps/day and steps/ min was significantly higher in the group with 3 to 5 years in the university than their counterparts with 1-2 years. Conclusions: As the university years increase, there is a tendency to increase the time spent walking (18.3%) but without an increase in the moderate-vigorous PA.

Factores asociados a inactividad física en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / Correlates of physical inactivity: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010

Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.

Mayores niveles de transporte activo se asocian a un menor nivel de adiposidad y menor riesgo de obesidad: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / Association of active commuting with obesity: findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010

Background: Active commuting is associated with a lower risk for obesity in developed countries. Aim: To investigate the association between active commuting and obesity risk in Chile. Material and Methods: Active commuting was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2) in 5,293 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were the study outcomes. The association between active commuting and obesity was investigated using linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: Thirty four percent of responders [95% confidence intervals (CI): 32.6-35.1] were passive commuters. Active commuters had a lower BMI and WC than their passive counterparts. Thirty minutes increment in active commuting were associated with a −0.20 kg.m-2 lower BMI [95% CI: −0.33 to −0.07, p < 0.01] and a −076 cm lower WC [95% CI: −1.08 to −0.43, p < 0.01]. The odds of having a BMI > 25 kg.m-2 was 0.93 [95% CI: 0.88 to 0.98, p = 0.01] per every 30 minutes' increment in active commuting, whereas the odds for central obesity was 0.87 [95% CI: 0.82 to 0.92, p < 0.01]. Conclusions: Active commuting is associated with a lower adiposity and lower risk for obesity in Chilean adults.

El sedentarismo se asocia a un incremento de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y metabólicos independiente de los niveles de actividad física / Sedentary lifestyle is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors independent of physical activity

Background: Sedentary behavior is a main risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Aim: To investigate the association between sedentary behavior and metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Material and Methods: We assessed 322 participants aged between 18 to 65 years. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured with accelerometers (Actigraph®). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, percentage of body fat, diet and blood markers (glucose, lipid profile, insulin and HOMA-IR) were measured with standardized protocols. Results: Thirty four percent of participants were physically inactive and spent on average 8.7 h/day on sedentary activities. Per one hour increase in sedentary behavior there were significant adverse changes in glucose (4.79 mg/dl), insulin (2.73 pmol/l), HOMA-IR (0.75), BMI (0.69 kg/m²), waist circumference (1.95 cm), fat mass (1.03%), total cholesterol (9.73 mg/dl), HDL-cholesterol (-3.50 mg/dl), LDL-cholesterol (10.7 mg/dl) and triglycerides (12.4 mg/dl). These findings were independent of main confounding factors including total physical activity, dietary factors, BMI and socio-demographics. Conclusions: The detrimental effect of sedentary behaviors on cardiometabolic and obesity-related traits is independent of physical activity levels. Therefore, reducing sedentary time should be targeted in the population apart from increasing their physical activity levels.

An integrative methodology for classifying physical activity level in apparently healthy populations for use in public health / Uso de un método integrador para clasificar el nivel de actividad física de grupos de población aparentemente sanos y su aplicación en la salud pública / Metodologia integrativa para classificar o nível de atividade física em populações aparentemente saudáveis para uso em saúde pública

ABSTRACT Physical inactivity is one of the most important risk factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in the world, although sedentary behavior (SB), low-intensity physical activity (LIPA), and shorter sleep duration have also been associated with various chronic diseases and physiopathological conditions that may affect health, irrespective of one's level of physical activity (PA). Current methods to evaluate and classify the PA level in the population appear to be limited, as they primarily focus on time spent performing moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). The aim of this article is to analyze the scientific literature in regard to various combinations of patterns among sleep, SB, LIPA, and MVPA, in order to propose a more integrative PA classification in apparently healthy children, adolescents, and adults. In general, the most common classification is composed of four categories that combine MVPA with SB level as follows: i) "physically active" or "physically inactive" (meets or does not meet weekly MVPA recommendations) and ii) "high SB" or "low SB" (depending on amount of accumulated sedentary time per day). There is a consensus regarding the classification of physically active or not, but agreement has not been reached on the classification of a high SB or low SB level. This new, integrative approach appears to be an appropriate methodological proposal for categorizing the level of PA, with the aim of providing health professionals and researchers a more comprehensive vision of PA behaviors among the population.

RESUMEN La inactividad física es uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes que aumentan la morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo, aunque el sedentarismo, la actividad física leve y una menor duración del sueño también se han asociado con diversas afecciones fisiopatológicas y enfermedades crónicas que pueden afectar la salud, independientemente del nivel de actividad física. Los métodos usados hoy en día para evaluar y clasificar el nivel de actividad física de la población parecen tener limitaciones, pues se centran principalmente en el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física de moderada a vigorosa. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la bibliografía científica relacionada con diversas combinaciones de hábitos en lo referente al sueño, el sedentarismo, la actividad física leve y la actividad física de moderada a vigorosa, a fin de proponer una clasificación más integradora de la actividad física que realizan niños, adolescentes y adultos aparentemente sanos. En general, la clasificación más común consta de cuatro categorías que combinan la actividad física de moderada a vigorosa con el nivel de sedentarismo de la siguiente manera: 1) "físicamente activo" o "físicamente inactivo" (sigue o no las recomendaciones sobre cuánta actividad física de moderada a vigorosa debe realizarse cada semana); y 2) "nivel alto de sedentarismo" o "nivel bajo de sedentarismo", dependiendo de la cantidad de tiempo dedicado a actividades sedentarias que se acumule por día. Hay consenso sobre la clasificación de físicamente activo o físicamente inactivo, pero no se ha llegado a un acuerdo con respecto la clasificación de un nivel alto o bajo de sedentarismo. Este enfoque nuevo e integrador parece ser una propuesta metodológica apropiada para clasificar el nivel de actividad física, con el objetivo de proporcionar a investigadores y profesionales de la salud una visión más amplia del comportamiento de la población frente a la actividad física.

RESUMO A inatividade física é um importante fator de risco contribuinte para a morbidade e a mortalidade em todo o mundo, embora o comportamento sedentário (CS), a atividade física de baixa intensidade (AFBI) e a redução da duração de sono estejam também associados a diversas doenças crônicas e estados fisiopatológicos potencialmente prejudiciais à saúde, qualquer que seja o nível de atividade física (AF). As metodologias atuais para avaliar e classificar o nível de AF de uma população têm limitações porque se baseiam sobretudo no tempo dispendido em AF de intensidade moderada a vigorosa (AFMV). O propósito deste artigo é examinar a literatura científica quanto às diversas combinações de padrões de sono, CS, AFBI e AFMV a fim de propor uma classificação de AF mais integrativa para crianças, adolescentes e adultos aparentemente saudáveis. A classificação de uso geral está dividida em quatro categorias que combinam AFMV com o nível de CS: i) fisicamente ativo ou fisicamente inativo (satisfaz ou não satisfaz os níveis recomendados de AFMV semanal) e ii) nível alto ou nível baixo de CS (segundo o tempo sedentário acumulado por dia). Existe consenso quanto à classificação de fisicamente ativo ou inativo, mas não quanto à classificação de nível alto ou baixo de CS. Esta nova abordagem integrativa é possivelmente uma proposição metodológica adequada para categorizar o nível de AF, pois oferece aos profissionais da saúde e pesquisadores uma concepção mais ampla dos comportamentos de atividade física na população.