Early histological change in hard tissue from orthodontic force placed on microscrews in ovariectomized rats / 대한치과교정학회지

Most elderly women experience a decrease in their bone density due to a deficiency of calcium intake, ovariectomy, or menopause. This study evaluated the usability of the microscrew as a skeletal anchorage system in these orthodontic treatment cases, using rats as a research group. The 4 month old sprague-dawley species rats were divided into two groups, the OS (Ovariectomy Screw), and the SS (Sham operation Screw) group. In both the OS and SS groups, microscrews were implanted into the palatal bone between the upper molar teeth and two upper incisors were retracted using NiTi coil spring with 75 g of force. After 3 days, the again after 7 days, 7 rats in each group were sacrificed. Three days before they were sacrificed, Alizarin red S was intraperitoneally injected, and their maxillary bone, tibia and blood from their hearts were taken. The components of the extracted blood were biochemically analyzed and non-decalcified grinding resin sections for maxillary bone and tibia were made. The sections were examined with a polarization microscope, and fluorescent microscope. Smaller concentrations of Ca and P, the inorganic substances closely related to bone density, were found in the extracted blood of the OS group. Both OS and SS groups showed a possibility of bone remodeling with a high concentration of ALP after 7 days. An increase in bone density on the tension and compression sides of the microscrew and the tension side of the tooth for both OS and SS groups was confirmed with a polarization microscope. However, the bone density of the pressure side of the tooth and apical side was decreased. More deposits of Alizarin red S in the bone after 7 days rather than 3 days seen with a fluorescent microscope suggested the existence of new bone formation.

Association between Tardive Dyskinesia and Soft Neurological Signs / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine association between tardive dyskinesia and soft neurological signs in schizophrenic patients. METHODS: 35 schizophrenic inpatients who met the diagnostic criteria for tardive dyskinesia developed by Schooler and Kane and 30 schizophrenic inpatients without tardive dyskinesia were enrolled in this study. Tardive dyskinesia, soft neurological signs, and cognitive function were evaluated with Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) independently by 2 psychiatrists, respectively. Data of the two schizophrenic groups were compared and also those of 31 normal controls. RESULTS: Total schizophrenics scored higher than normal controls in total mean scores of NES (p<0.01), and its three functional area scores, sensory integration (p<0.01), motor coordination (p<0.05), and sequencing of complex motor acts (p<0.05). Patients with tardive dyskinesia showed higher prevalence rates than those without in 5 items-left graphesthesia (p<0.05), right fist-ring test (p<0.05), right fist-edge-palm test (p<0.05), right synkinesis (p<0.05), and left synkinesis (p<0.05). The total scores of NES were not significantly related to the severity of tardive dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Schizophrenics had more soft neurological signs than normal subjects. Five items of NES were more impaired in the patients with tardive dyskinesia than in those without tardive dyskinesia.

Clinical Psychiatric Drug Trials in Korea: 1962~1998 / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: This investigation was performed to uncover the nature of the clinical drug trials in the past in Korean psychiatry and to prepare some guidelines for the good clinical practice in the future. METHOD: We reviewed total 212 papers of the clinical drug trials in the major Korean psychiatric journals from April 1962 to December 1998. RESULTS: From the year 1985, when the pharmacological and biological organizations in psychiatry were found in our country, the clinical drug trials are rapidly expanding. Although open clinical trials in small sample size less than 30 subjects were the most frequent in the past, some well-designed clinical trials such as multicenter double-blind cross-over study were performed recently. Majority of these 212 clinical trials was done in patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders. Haloperidol was just the drug most frequently evaluated in the clinical trials in our country. As expected, among several clinical rating scales, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was the most frequently used. Prolactin and homovanillic acid were the materials frequently measured in the patients with schizophrenia. A few of these clinical trials were performed under the financial supports from the industry, and only one biological research had gained a fund from a national academic institute. To evaluate the researchers' concepts for the medical ethics in the clinical drug trials, we reviewed the description about the informed consent and the approval of institutional review board in all papers. Surprisingly, we found no descriptions about the informed consent in 113 papers(65.8%). Only one clinical trial was performed after the approval of the institutional review board. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that the majority of the clinical psychiatric drug trials in the past were performed in lacks of the concept of Good Clinical Practice(GCP). The KGCP guideline did not influenced on the researchers' concepts and performance for the medical ethics at all. Although all of the clinical trials may not need to be done under the guidelines of GCP, clinical researchers' efforts for the medical ethics should be continued for both, the patient and the researcher.