Nivel de dependencia, autocuidado y calidad de vida del adulto mayor / Level of dependency, self-care, and quality of life in the elder adult / Nível de dependência, autocuidado e qualidade de vida do idoso

Introducción: El envejecimiento es un proceso natural. La calidad e independencia con que se vive esta etapa depende no solo de la estructura genética de los seres humanos, sino también de lo que se realiza durante el curso de vida. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre calidad de vida del adulto mayor y su nivel de dependencia y autocuidado. Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. Fueron entrevistados 116 adultos mayores que acudieron a consulta en una unidad de salud. Las variables estudiadas fueron: dependencia, autocuidado y calidad de vida. Se utilizaron la Escala de Barthel, la Escala de capacidades de autocuidado y el Cuestionario SF-36 de calidad de vida. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables y correlación de Pearson y Spearman. El presente proyecto fue revisado y aprobado por un Comité de Investigación. Resultados: El 54.3% de los participantes fueron mujeres. El 80.2% de los adultos mayores encuestados presentaron independencia para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria y el 19.8% presentaron dependencia leve. En la calificación global de las actividades de autocuidado el 22.4% tuvieron buena capacidad y el 76.6%, muy buena capacidad. En la percepción de calidad de vida en la dimensión física, el 24% de los entrevistados consideran que su salud es buena y el 56%, regular. En las pruebas de correlación se encontró mínima relación entre las variables de autocuidado y dependencia; escasa entre autocuidado y grado de escolaridad; correlación positiva entre la dependencia y la calidad de vida, así como la calidad de vida y la edad, aunque el valor de todas las correlaciones fue bajo.

Introduction: Getting old is a natural process. The quality of life and independency lived during this stage depend not only on the genetic structure, but also on what is done throughout the entire life. Objective: To explore the relationship among the levels of quality of life, dependency, and self-care in the elder adult. Methods: This is a transversal, descriptive, and correlational study. One hundred and sixteen elder adults who attended consultation visits at a health unit were interviewed. The variables studied were: dependency, self-care, and quality of life. The Barthel scale, the Self-Care Capacities Scale, and the SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire were used. The Pearson and Spearman correlations were calculated. This project was reviewed and approved by a Research Committee. Results: Fifty four point three percent of the participants were female. The 80.2% of the elder adults interviewed showed independence to perform their daily life activities, while the rest (19.8%) showed a mild level of dependency. In relation to the self-care activities, 22.4% showed a good capacity, while 76.6% showed a very good capacity. In relation to their perception of quality of life, in the physical dimension, 24% of the participants considered their health as good, while 56% consider it as more or less good. In the correlation tests, a minimal relationship was found between the variables of self-care and dependency, also, a low relationship was found between the self-care and the school levels. A positive correlation was found between dependency and quality of life, and also between quality of life and age, though their values were low.

Introdução: O envelhecimento é um processo natural. A qualidade e independência com que se vive esta etapa depende não só da estrutura genética dos seres humanos, senão também do que se realiza durante o curso de vida. Objetivo: Estabelecer a relação entre a qualidade de vida do idoso e o seu nível de dependência e autocuidado. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e de correlação. Foram entrevistados 116 idosos que acudiram a consulta em uma unidade de saúde. As variáveis estudadas foram: dependência, autocuidado e qualidade de vida. Utilizou-se a escala de Barthel, Escala de capacidades de autocuidado e Questionário SF-36 de qualidade de vida. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva das variáveis e correlação de Pearson e Spearman. O presente projeto foi revisado e aprovado por um Comité de Pesquisa. Resultados: 54.3% dos participantes era mulher. O 80.2% dos idosos respondentes apresentou independência para realizar as atividades da vida diária e o 19.8% apresentou dependência leve. Na qualificação global das atividades de autocuidado, 22.4% teve boa capacidade e 76.6% muito boa capacidade. Na percepção de qualidade de vida na dimensão física, 24% dos entrevistados considera que sua saúde é boa e o 56% regular. Nas provas de correlação encontrou-se mínima relação entre as variáveis de autocuidado e dependência, escassa entre autocuidado e grau de escolaridade, correlação positiva entre a dependência e a qualidade de vida, bem como a qualidade de vida e a idade, ainda assim, o valor de todas as correlações foi baixo.

Patrones de comportamiento para la detección de CA mamario en trabajadoras de una institución hospitalaria / Behavioral patterns in breast cancer early detection among workers in a hospital institution

Objetivo: identificar los patrones de comportamiento contemplados en el modelo transteórico de cambio de comportamiento en salud (MT) y su relación con la detección oportuna del cáncer (Ca) de mama en mujeres trabajadoras de un hospital de Colima, Colima. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo; muestra de 105 trabajadoras no profesionales y profesionales de la salud. Criterios de inclusión, tener más de 25 años de edad, ser personal de base, no contar con diagnóstico de Ca de mama y firmar consentimiento informado. Instrumento adaptado a 5 de las 7 etapas de patrones de comportamiento del Modelo Transteórico, conformado por 20 preguntas y una lista de cotejo de 7 elementos para evaluar la autoexploración mamaria. Resultados: edad promedio de 42 años; 66.6% fueron profesionales de la salud; 21.9% tuvieron antecedente familiar de Ca de mama y 31.4% patología benigna de mama. La evaluación de la técnica de autoexploración fue excelente en 66.7%. En 3 de las etapas del MT se encontró: en precontemplación al 3.81%, en contemplación 40% y en mantenimiento 0%. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran datos importantes que sirven como punto de reflexión con respecto a la dinámica de prevención del Ca de mama en trabajadoras de una institución de salud, de las cuales, socialmente se asume que tengan la información y por tanto, que actúen en pro de su salud y por supuesto, de la del resto de la población.

Objective: To identify the behavioral patterns pointed in the health behavior change trans-theoretical model (MT) in relation to breast cancer early detection in working women at the Hospital in Colima, Colima. Method: Transversal and descriptive study with a sample of 105 professional and not professional health worker women. The inclusion criteria were being older than 25 years, being a permanent worker, having not been diagnosed with breast cancer, and the agreement on signing an informed consent. The instrument was adapted to 5 of the 7 behavior stages of the MT, and included 20 questions and a 7 element checklist to assess the breast self-exploration process. Results: The average age was 42 years. 66.6% were health professionals, 21.9% had a breast cancer family background, and 31.4% had a breast benign pathology. A self-exploration technical assessment was excellent in 66.7% of the respondents. In 3 stages of the MT, 3.81% were found in pre-contemplation, 40% in contemplation, and 0% in maintenance. Conclusions: The findings show the breast cancer prevention dynamics among workers in a health institution, and support the need of this knowledge to help them preserve their health as well as that of the rest of the population.

Experiencias y conocimientos de los estudiantes de enfermería, ante la muerte del paciente hospitalizado / Nursing students' knowledge and experiences on death of hospitalized patients

Objetivo: Identificar conocimientos y experiencias de estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería, sobre la muerte de pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, exploratorio, en el que participaron 188 alumnos de 500, pertenecientes a 4°, 6° y 8° semestre (quienes tienen experiencia clínica). Se consideraron tanto hombres como mujeres, sin distinción de edad o experiencia previa ante la muerte. Se diseñó un instrumento ex profeso para el levantamiento de datos, el cual fue validado por expertos mediante técnica Delphi. El proyecto fue avalado por un Comité de Investigación y Bioética. Los resultados se procesaron en SPSS v. 17. Resultados: El 85% de los alumnos ha experimentado un proceso de muerte de un familiar o amigo, y el 75% de un paciente (en la práctica hospitalaria). El 46% no se consideran preparados para vivir esta experiencia. El 37.7% considera que el personal de las instituciones no está preparado para "manejar" la muerte de los pacientes. Hay opiniones divididas sobre el temor hacia este fenómeno. Los alumnos comprenden qué es la tanatología y qué es el duelo, aunque no se sienten competentes en el tema. Conclusiones: Es importante sensibilizar al futuro profesional de enfermería en competencias que permitan dar un trato digno al paciente, esto fundamentado en sólidos conocimientos en tanatología.

Objective: To identify knowledge and experiences of baccalaureate nursing students about death of hospitalized patients. Methods: Basic, descriptive, and exploratory study on 188 students of 4th, 6th, and 8th semester with clinical practices. Both men and women, regardless of age and previous experience with death, were considered. A Delphi technique expert validated specific instrument was designed. The project was approved by the Research and Bioethics Committee. Results were processed in SPSS v. 17. Results: The 85% of students have experienced the death of a relative or a friend, and 75% of a patient (at the hospital practice), while 46% do not consider themselves prepared to live this experience, and 37.7% consider that the institution staff are not prepared to "handle" the death of patients. There are divided opinions about the fear to this process. Although students understand tanatology and duel, they do not feel competent in the topic. Conclusions: It is important to sensitize the future nursing professional in skills which allow them offer the corresponding appropriate patient treatment.

Larvicidal potential of five Philippine plants against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say).

Five species of Philippine plants, reported in the literature to have insecticidal properties, were selected for investigation, namely: Anona squamosa ("atis" or sugar apple), Eucalyptus globulus ("bagras" or olive gum eucalyptus), Lansium domesticum ("lansones"), Azadirachta indica ("neem") and Codiaeum variegatum ("San Francisco" or croton). These were screened and assayed for their larvicidal potential against Aedes aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) by exposing 3rd-4th instar larvae to seven different concentrations (two-fold dilutions starting from 100 g% up to 1.5625 g%) of the crude aqueous extract derived from fresh leaves. Three trials were performed for each species of mosquito and for each of the five plants to determine the average mortality rate at various concentrations after 24 and 48 hours exposure. Probit analysis using the NCSS program was employed to determine the LD50 and LD90 values in order to compare the larvicidal potency of the five plants and to compare the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The extracts exerted maximum insecticidal activity after 48 hours exposure. Lansones and atis were the most effective against larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Ae. aegypti was more susceptible than Cx. quinquefasciatus with respect to lansones and neem but Cx. quinquefasciatus was more susceptible than Ae. aegyti with respect to eucalyptus, San Francisco and atis. These varying results are probably due to differences in levels of toxicity among the active insecticidal ingredients of each plant and in the physiological characteristics of the two mosquito species.