ABSTRACT
La memoria de trabajo (MT) ha servido de predictor para fenómenos como el desempeño escolar en matemáticas, el nivel de comprensión lectora y el aprendizaje de estudiantes con desarrollo atípico. Esto le ha llevado a tomar un rol clave en los estudios cognitivos. Debido a la importancia que ha tomado la MT, se vuelve relevante explorar modelos que expliquen este constructo de manera de acercar estas propuestas a los investigadores que se estén familiarizando con esta temática. El presente artículo presenta y compara el modelo multicomponencial de Baddeley y Hitch (1974) y sus actualizaciones posteriores (Baddeley, 2000, 2012, 2017) con el modelo integrado de atención y memoria de Cowan (1988, 1995, 2005). Desde la revisión detallada de ambas propuestas se realiza una comparación utilizando como criterios el rol de la memoria en el modelo, la equivalencia entre los componentes del modelo y la manera en la cual se propone se manipula la información. Los hallazgos de esta revisión muestran que aun cuando existen equivalencias de algunos de los elementos de ambas propuestas, los distintos énfasis de ambos modelos resultan en interpretaciones distintas de los sustentos empíricos y del funcionamiento de la MT en relación con los roles de la memoria a largo plazo y la atención.
Working Memory (MT) has served as a predictor for phenomena such as school performance in mathematics, reading comprehension and learning of students with atypical development. This has given it a key role in cognitive studies. Due to the importance that WM has taken, it becomes relevant to explore models that explain this construct to bring these proposals closer to researchers who are becoming familiar with this topic. The present article presents and compares the multicomponent model of Baddeley and Hitch (1974) and its subsequent updates (Baddeley, 2000, 2012, 2017) with the integrated attention and memory model of Cowan (1988, 1995, 2005). From the detailed review of both proposals a comparison is made using as criteria the role of memory in the model, the equivalence between the components of both models and the way in which the information is stored and accessed. The findings of this review show that although there are equivalences among some of the elements of both proposals, the different emphases of both models result in different interpretations of the empirical underpinnings and the functioning of WM in relation to the roles of the long-term memory and attention.
Subject(s)
Humans , Memory, Short-Term , Models, Neurological , Attention , Models, TheoreticalABSTRACT
Background: Urban surface stones in Mexico City are exposed to a temperate climate and a range of atmospheric conditions ranging from mildly impacted to heavily polluted areas. In this study, we focused on the characterization of the cultivable fungal component of selected biological patinas in the surrounding area of Chapultepec castle, a historic monument in Mexico City. Thirty four representative fungal isolates selected based on distinctive differential macroscopic characteristics out of a total of 300 fungi, were characterized using morphological and molecular approaches. Results: This identification strategy based on the combination of phenotypic- and molecular-based methodologies allowed us to discriminate the fungal community in some cases down to the species level. Conclusions: The characterization of this mycoflora revealed the presence of a complex fungal community mainly represented by filamentous fungi belonging to the genera Fusarium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Mucor, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, and the dimorphic fungus Aureobasidium, along with the yeast Rhodotorula. A specific distribution of fungi could be observed based on the type of biological patina analyzed.
Subject(s)
Buildings , Fungi/isolation & purification , Fungi/genetics , Soil Characteristics , Urban Area , DNA, Fungal/genetics , Atmosphere , Culture Techniques , Genetic Variation , Mexico , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia del síndrome del cuidador y las características psicosociales de los cuidadores de adultos mayores discapacitados. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio piloto de casos y controles en el Valle del Cauca durante el 2003-2004 para evaluar la funcionalidad familiar (APGAR familiar), la ansiedad y depresión (escala de Goldberg), la presencia de enfermedades (cuidadores y no cuidadores), y la prevalencia del síndrome del cuidador (escala de Zarit). Resultados: Se estudiaron 102 familias en su mayoría de nivel socioeconómico bajo (75.3%) con una discapacidad media de 4 años (rango 1-60 años). Se observó una mayor proporción de depresión (81.3% vs. 53.9%, p<0.01), una mayor proporción de ansiedad (85.2% vs. 45%, p<0.001), y una mayor proporción de disfunción familiar severa (26.5% vs. 10.8%) (p=0.004) en los cuidadores en relación con los no cuidadores. De los cuidadores principales 47% presentaron el síndrome del cuidador que se asociaba con ansiedad (96%, p=0.01) y con depresión (100%, p<0.0001); 85.3% de los cuidadores habían presentado enfermedades previas en comparación con 63.7% de los no cuidadores (p=0.0004). Conclusión: Los cuidadores de adultos mayores discapacitados presentan altos niveles de ansiedad, depresión, disfunción familiar y síndrome del cuidador con mayor predisposición a la morbilidad. Los resultados de este estudio identifican a los cuidadores de adultos mayores discapacitados como un grupo vulnerable con necesidades preventivas y terapéuticas.
Objective: To determine the profile of caregivers for disability old patients in home care and to investigate the psychosocial characteristics of caregivers. Materials and methods: A pilot case-control study was performed in the state of Valle del Cauca, Colombia during 2003-2004. Family function (family APGAR), anxiety and depression (Goldberg Scale), morbidity, and the prevalence of the syndrome of family caregivers (Zarit Scale) were assessed.Results: 102 families from low and middle socioeconomic status were studied. Median disability average was 4 years (range 1-60 years). A high proportion of depression (81.3% vs. 53.9%, p<0.01), anxiety (85.2% vs. 45%, p<0.001), and family dysfunction (26.5% vs. 10.8%) (p=0.004) was observed in caregivers; 48 (47%) caregivers had the syndrome and had high levels of anxiety (96%, p=0.01) as well as high levels of depression (100%, p<0.0001); 87 (85.3%) caregivers have had different pathologies in the precedent year in comparison with 65 (63.7%) not caregivers (p=0.0004). Conclussion: A caregivers syndrome was observed in 48 (47%) family members. The caregivers had high levels of anxiety, depression and family dysfunction associated to the syndrome and its morbidity. This study identified the caregivers of old disability people as a vulnerable group with high preventive and therapeutic necessities.