Factores de riesgo asociados a ingreso a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en pacientes con COVID-19 en hospitales colombianos, estudio de cohorte / Risk factors associated with admission in the Intensive Care Unit among patients with COVID-19 in Colombian hospitals, a cohort study

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 presentan un espectro clínico variable y su gravedad puede ser predicha por la presencia de factores de riesgo. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados al ingreso a UCI en pacientes internados por COVID-19 en Colombia. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte multicéntrico, retrospectivo, en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19 en Colombia, desde marzo de 2020 a enero de 2021. Se describieron las características de los pacientes y se establecieron predictores de ingreso a la UCI mediante un modelo de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.160 pacientes, edad media de 55 años, 59,7% fueron hombres y 426 pacientes (36,7%) ingresaron a UCI. Los factores asociados al ingreso a UCI fueron edad (OR 1,25; IC 95%: 1,14-1,37), sobrepeso (OR 2,82; IC 95%: 1,98-4,02) y obesidad (OR 2,97; IC 95%: 2,03-4,37), antecedente de cardiopatía valvular (OR 6,46; IC 95%: 1,84-27,48), hipotensión arterial al ingreso (OR 2,35; IC 95%: 1,40-3,97), SIRS (OR 2,03; IC 95%: 1,50-2,74), disnea (OR 1,52; IC 95%: 1,09-2.14), requerimiento de oxígeno (OR 2,64; IC 95%: 1,67-4,30), neutrofilia (OR1,09; IC 95%: 1,05-1,13), elevación de dímero D (OR 1,09; IC 95%: 1,03-1,18), compromiso multilobar (OR 2,19; IC 95%: 1,58-3,07) y consolidación pulmonar (OR1,52; IC 95%: 1,13-2,04). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de 14,4% (166 pacientes), 2,3% entre los que no ingresaron a la UCI y 35,2% entre los que sí lo hicieron. CONCLUSIÓN: El 36,7% de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 ingresó a UCI, identificándose predictores clínicos y de laboratorio asociados con este desenlace. La elaboración de modelos predictores con estos parámetros podría mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con COVID-19 que se hospitalizan.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 present a variable clinical spectrum and its severity might be predicted by the presence of risk factors. AIM: To determine the factors associated with ICU admission in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Colombia. METHOD: Retrospective multicenter cohort study, in adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Colombia, from March 2020 to January 2021. Population characteristics were described and ICU admission predictors were established using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: 1,160 patients were included, mean age 55 years, 59.7% were men and 426 patients (36.7%) were admitted to the ICU. The associated factors were age (OR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.14-1.37), overweight (OR 2.82, 95% CI: 1.98-4.02) and obesity (OR 2.97, 95% CI: 2.03-4.37), valvular heart disease (OR 6.46, 95% CI: 1.84-27.48) hypotension at admission (OR 2.35, 95% CI: 1.40-3, 97), SIRS (OR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.50-2.74), dyspnea (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.09-2.14), oxygen requirement (OR 2.64, 95% CI: 1.67-4.30), neutrophilia (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.13), elevated D-dimer (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.18), multilobar lung involvement (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.58-3.07) and pulmonary consolidation (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.13-2.04). In-hospital mortality was 14.4% (166 patients), 2.3% among those that did not enter to the ICU and 35.2% among those who did. CONCLUSION: 36.7% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 were admitted to the ICU. We identified clinical predictors associated with this outcome. Predictive models using these parameters could improve the prognostic of those patients with COVID-19 that are hospitalized.

Reynolds syndrome: a rare rheumatologic disease that internists should have in mind. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Reynolds syndrome (RS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by overlapping primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc). Some published cases do not report pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and diagnoses are usually based on clinical, immunological and histological findings, mainly focused on dermatologic features, on those associated with Sjogren's syndrome, or on an interesting presentation of malignant thymoma; only one case of reported PAH was found, but it was an image report. Case Presentation: This paper reports the case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with some of the features mentioned above, severe PAH, dyspnea for one month and two weeks of purulent expectoration, as well as generalized pruritus, nasal telangiectasias, Raynaud phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and high levels of alkaline phosphatase and transaminases. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was documented through a transthoracic echocardiogram, and inmunoflorecence reported mitochondrial and centromere patterns of antinuclear-antibodies. Consequently, RS was diagnosed and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors were started for PAH treatment resulting in the improvement of dyspnea. Conclusion: Dyspnea could be caused by many conditions, but in the presence of clinical and physical findings, it suggests an autoimmune disorder. Scleroderma should be considered and, additionally, PAH should be investigated since it is present in up to 10% of patients, conferring a worse prognosis. Internists should keep in mind that these disorders may be associated with other autoimmune diseases.

Metformina: más allá del control glucémico / Metformin: beyond the glycemic target

RESUMEN Introducción: la metformina es una biguanida que disminuye gluconeogénesis e incrementa la recaptación de glucosa en los músculos, sin embargo, más allá del glucémico se han documentado beneficios adicionales como la disminución de complicaciones crónicas derivadas de la hiperglucemia, entre ellas las cardiovasculares y del síndrome metabólico per se. Objetivo: identificar los efectos de la metformina diferentes al control control glucémico en población con diabetes mellitus, con el fin de contribuir a difundir el conocimiento. Materiales y método: tres revisores independientes realizaron la búsqueda en distintas bases de datos entre ellas Pubmed y ScienceDirect, utilizando los términos Metfomin AND Cardiovascular disease AND inflamatory response AND Hyperlipidemia, Biguanides, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes complications, Obesity, Vascular diseases AND Cancer; y Metfomina y enfermedad cardiovascular, metformina y cáncer se seleccionaron los artículos desde el año 2010, encontrando 13 828 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron 144. Conclusión: más allá del control glucémico, la metformina, modifica la "memoria metabólica", reduce mediadores inflamatorios y el grosor de pared arterial, disminuye factores trombóticos y reduce la prevalencia de falla cardiaca logrando impactar la morbimortalidad y mediante cambios moleculares o genéticos, tiene potencial uso como anticancerígeno. El clínico debe conocer estos efectos para favorecer su pronto inicio en los casos indicados. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(1):57-71.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the metformin is a biguanide which main action is to decrease hepatic glucose output, primarily by decreasing gluconeogenesis, and increase glucose uptake by muscles. However, beyond the glycemic target, additional benefits have been documented like a decrease in chronic complications to hyperglycemia, including cardiovascular comorbility and metabolic syndrome. Objetive: to identify effects of metformin other than glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus in order to help disseminate knowledge. Materials and methods: three independent reviewers searched in different databases of PubMed and ScienceDirect using the DeCS and MeSH terms: Metfomin AND Cardiovascular disease AND inflamatory response AND Hyperlipidemia, Biguanides, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes complications,Obesity, Vascular diseases AND Cancer, selecting the items since 2010 year and prior to warrant mention. Search based publications that were considered most relevant and, additionally, a manual search of the referenced articles in publications retrieved in the initial search was conducted, 13 828 articles were found but 144 were included finally. Conclusion: beyond glycemic control, Metformin, modifies the "metabolic memory", reduces inflammatory mediators and thickness of arterial wall, decreases thrombotic factors and reduces the prevalence of heart failure making an impact morbidity and mortality and because of molecular or genetic changes, it has potential use as anticarcinogenic. The physicians should know it to facilitate the early administration of this medication when it is indicated. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(1):57-71.