ABSTRACT
Introduction: The infections acquired in patients duringadmission in a hospital and the patients have no evidenceof infection before admission in hospital are known asnosocomial infections or hospital acquired infections. Theetiological organism may be bacterial, fungal, viral orparasitic, found in the air or on hospital items; spreading fromone person to another person. The main objective of currentstudy was to assess the knowledge and practices of nurseswith respect to the spread of hospital infections in a tertiaryhospital of Lahore.Material and methods: A cross sectional, descriptive studywas carried out in a tertiary hospital of Lahore, Pakistanduring a period of four months from June 2018 to September2018. Sample size was 120 and simple random sampling wasdone. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 21.Results: Most of the participants 115(95.8%) were female and5(4.2%) were male. It was revealed that nurses had enoughawareness about the spread of hospital infections. Out of120 participants, 39 (32.5%) were agree and 34(28.3%) werestrongly agree that they are aware of handwashing guidelines,but their practices to reduce the spread of hospital infectionwere not good since 38(31.7%) were neutral and 9(7.5%)were disagree to follow the recommended guidelines for usingalcohol based solutions or other antiseptics before and aftereach contact with patients.Conclusion: Nurses had a good knowledge regarding thespread of nosocomial infections, use of safety precautionsand use of alcohol based formulations but their practicesfor reducing the spread of hospital infections were not up tosatisfactory level.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine within-rater and between-rater reliability of the universal goniometer [UG] for measuring active cervical range of motion [ACROM] in asymptomatic healthy subjects
Methods: Nineteen healthy subjects were tested in an identical seated position. Two raters used UG to measure active cervical movements of flexion, extension, right side flexion, left side flexion, right rotation and left rotation. Each motion was measured twice by each of the two raters and was re-measured all over again after one week. Data analysis was performed using the intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]
Results: The results demonstrated excellent within-session [ICC2,1 = 0.83 to 0.98] and between-session [ICC2,2 = 0.79 to 0.97] intra-rater reliability and excellent inter-rater reliability [ICC2,2 = 0.79 to 0.92]
Conclusion: Considering above results it is concluded that UG is a reliable tool for assessing ACROM in a clinical setting for healthy subjects
ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to determine the serum vitamin D levels and their relation with demographic features and life style factors in young adults. It was an analytical cross-sectional study on 88 subjects aged 18-40 years. Relevant information about physical activity, job place, duration of sun exposure, educational status and socioeconomic conditions was obtained.Serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D were measured by ELISA. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20. Mean serum vitamin D level was 8.44+/-0.49 [Range: 1.00-21.08] ng/ml in participants. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 98.86% of the population. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly lower in females [p=0.0001], physically less active [p=0.006], indoor job holders [p=0.0001], less sun exposed [p=0.001], highly educated [p=0.020] and high socioeconomic status [p=0.007] bearing and in subjects having relatively fair skin complexion [p=0.041]. Serum vitamin D levels of study population were below normal and were associated with female gender, less physical activity, indoor jobs, less sun exposure, higher education and higher socioeconomic class and relatively fair skin complexion