ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the pharmacological basis of its uses of Phyla nodiflora (P. nodiflora) for the treatment of anomalies predominantly by smooth muscle containing tissues such as gastrointestinal/vascular/broncho spasm and cardiovascular modulation.@*METHODS@#The crude hydroalcoholic extract of P. nodiflora (Pn.Cr) and its fractions were evaluated on isolated rabbit jejunum, rat trachea, aorta and atrium. To access the contractile or relaxant effects of testing materials, the tissues were mounted in isolated organ bath and responses were recorded with transducers coupled with data acquisition system. BALB/c mice were challenged with castor oil for the assessment of in-vivo antidiarrheal activity. Normotensive rats were used for in-vivo hypotensive study.@*RESULTS@#Hydroalcoholic extract of Pn.Cr at variable concentrations inhibited the natural spontaneous rhythm and 80 mmol/L K mediated contractions in isolated segment of jejunum with EC values of 3.18 and 1.91 mg/mL respectively. Verapamil, a Ca channel blocker, demonstrated akin pattern in jejunum and therefore possibly suggesting calcium blocking activity. On isolated rat tracheal tissue, Pn.Cr showed relaxation of high-K and carbachol mediated contractions (EC values: 1.24 and 2.42 mg/mL). Pn.Cr treatment relaxed the rat aortic ring in a cumulative doses with high-K and phenylephrine-induced contractions (EC values 0.25 and 0.92 mg/mL). Activity based fractionation of Pn.Cr showed that dichloromethane fraction was more potent for relaxing the tissues spasm compared to aqueous fraction. In-vivo experiments, significant protection by Pn.Cr (P < 0.05) was observed in castor oil-induced diarrhea (50-500 mg/kg) whereas hypotensive effect in anesthetized rats was seen at the dose range of 1-10 mg/kg of Pn.Cr (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#This study suggests the blockage of calcium channel in the smooth muscles as a pharmacological application to make usage of P. nodiflora in the management of diarrhea, asthma and hypotensive effect.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the pharmacological basis of its uses of Phyla nodiflora (P. nodiflora) for the treatment of anomalies predominantly by smooth muscle containing tissues such as gastrointestinal/vascular/broncho spasm and cardiovascular modulation. Methods The crude hydroalcoholic extract of P. nodiflora (Pn.Cr) and its fractions were evaluated on isolated rabbit jejunum, rat trachea, aorta and atrium. To access the contractile or relaxant effects of testing materials, the tissues were mounted in isolated organ bath and responses were recorded with transducers coupled with data acquisition system. BALB/c mice were challenged with castor oil for the assessment of in-vivo antidiarrheal activity. Normotensive rats were used for in-vivo hypotensive study. Results Hydroalcoholic extract of Pn.Cr at variable concentrations inhibited the natural spontaneous rhythm and 80 mmol/L K
ABSTRACT
The mini-CEX is a workplace-based assessment to assess professional performance of medical trainees. Proper reporting of the gap between desired and observed performance forms the basis and the incentive for the trainees to improve their skills. It plays a key role by combining learning with assessment There is an urgent need for including this form of assessment in our clinical training programs especially postgraduate residents training
ABSTRACT
To determine age and gender specific stroke risk factors in a teaching hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A hospital based descriptive study was performed in medical units of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from July 2011 to March 2012. A total of 100 patients of 18 years and above and of both genders were included. Study patients with first-ever acute stroke were divided into three groups; Group A young adult [<40 years], Group B, middle-aged [40-60 years], and Group C elderly [>60 years]. In these 03 groups, stroke risk factors were compared. Patients were assessed for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus and smoking. SPSS version 18.0 was used for statistical analysis. A sample of 100 patients was taken comprising 68% males and 32% females. Study patients had a mean age of 63.44 +/- 13.849. There were 08 patients in Group A, 29 in Group B, and 63 patients in Group C. Overall, hy-pertension was found in [62%], followed by smoking [47%], coronary artery disease [33%], diabetes mellitus [28%], hyperlipidemia [24%] and atrial fibrillation [21%]. Pattern of distribution of stroke risk factors is age and gender specific. Majority were found to have hypertension. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation and hyperlipidemia differ significantly among the 03 age groups. Smoking was significantly different in males and females