Seasonal Fluctuations of N, P and K in Leaves Influenced Nutrient Requirement During Fruit Development Stages in Different Olive Genotypes

Abstract: Olive is grown in semi-arid climatic conditions; however, little is known about mineral changes in olive plant and nutrient requirements during the production period. Hence, the current study was conducted under Pothwar agro-climatic conditions in order to select appropriate stage of macronutrients (N, P, K) application in relation to soil and leaf nutritional status during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Soil and leaf analysis were performed at four different phenological stages (i.e. flowering, fruit setting, fruit enlargement and fruit maturity stages). The results revealed that the assessed macronutrient in leaf and soil varied significantly among varieties, phenological stages and growing year. The results revealed also that nitrogen level was found to decrease from fruit set (1.56%) to fruit enlargement stage (1.47%). Leaf and soil N, P and K contents were found higher before the flowering (stage 1) and depleted after fruit harvesting (stage 4), regardless of olive varieties. However, high yielding varieties showed lower nutrients after fruit harvesting (stage 4). Therefore, N content in leaf and soil gradually decreased during fruit growth and development. Whereas, K content in leaf and soil sharply declined from fruit maturity to fruit ripening stage. Overall, the trend of nutrient depletion showed that plants need phosphorus for fruit setting, nitrogen before and after fruit setting, and potash after pit hardening or at oil accumulation stages.

Translation, Adaptation and Cross Language Validation of Tinnitus Handicap Inventory in Urdu

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tinnitus is characterized as a perception of numerous auditory sounds in absence of external stimulus. Tinnitus can have a considerable consequence on a person’s quality of life, and is considered to be very complicated to quantify. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of Urdu translation of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) in Pakistan. It was designed to assess the presence of various auditory sounds without the external stimulus. Scale consisted of 25 items having three subscales functional, emotional, and catastrophic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study comprised into two stages, preliminary and main studies. The results of preliminary study revealed that the overall scale had high internal consistency [alpha coefficient of Urdu version of THI (THI-U)= 0.99, alpha coefficient of English version of THI=0.98]. The overall scale had test-retest correlation over a fifteen days period of interval (0.99). Main study was performed on 110 tinnitus patients. The results of main study showed that the internal consistency and reliability of Urdu version was (α=0.93). The THI-U and its subscales demonstrated good internal consistency reliability ( α =0.81 to 0.86). RESULTS: High to moderate correlations were noted between tinnitus symptom ratings. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the three subscales of THI-U, and high inter-correlations were found between the subscales also results revealed that a three-factor model for the THI-U was most tenable. The results displayed that the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed to validate the three subscales of THI-U. CONCLUSION: THI-U might present important information about precise facets of tinnitus distress along with diagnostic interviews in clinical practice.

Using Bio-Replicated Forming Technologies to Fabricate Shark-Skin Surface

ABSTRACT Shark-skin surfaces show the non-smoothness characteristics due to the presence of riblet structures. In this work, biomimetic shark-skins were prepared by means of different bio-replicated forming techniques. These techniques include the PDMS elastomeric stamping method (e.g., PES method) and the PDMS embedded-elastomeric stamping method (e.g., PEES method). The study characterized the fabricated biomimetic surfaces through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as 3D microscope. The accuracy of the two replication routes were compared, which included measuring the surface integrity and dimensional parameters ( s, h ) of the riblet-groove structure. The results show that fresh shark-skin without chemical treatments should be used as a replication template whenever possible to attain a satisfactory replication accuracy of the riblet structure. The PES and PEES methods proposed here are effective bio-replicated forming routes in simulating the microstructures of a shark-skin surface. Compared with the PES method, the PEES method has greater precision in simulating the microstructures of a shark-skin surface.

Effects of Codonopsis pilosula water extract on MicroRNA expression profile in D-galactose-induced senile mice

This paper aims to observe and analyze effects of Codonopsis pilosula water extract on micro RNA [miRNA] expression profile in liver tissue of senile mice. The 110 Konminmice were randomly divided into five groups, including D-galactose-induced senile model group, normal control group, and low, middle and high dose intervention groups. Continuous modeling lasted 40 days. General symptoms and changes of body mass of the model mice were monitored and observed. The levels of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [ALT] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] of mice were compared, and miRNA of differential expression during aging of D-galactose-induction and high-dose Codonopsis pilosula intervention was analyzed. The serum ALT and ALP levels in the aging model group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group [P<0.05]. The serum ALT and ALP levels of Codonopsis pilosula intervention group were lower than those of aging model group, and decrease in ALP value of high dose intervention group was higher [P<0.05]. The expression profile of miRNA in the aging model group was significantly different from that in normal control group and high-dose Codonopsis pilosula intervention group, and miRNA expression profile in high-dose Codonopsis pilosula intervention group was clustered with that in the normal control group. The differentially expressed miRNAs of D-galactose-induced senescence and Codonopsis pilosula anti-aging usually belong to 7 miRNA clusters. The target gene function of the differentially expressed miRNAs during senescence process was enriched in 29 signal pathways. There were 67 regulatory signal pathways in differentially expressed miRNA target genes during Codonopsis pilosula intervention. The effect of miRNA targeting may play an important role during D-galactose-induced senescence and Codonopsis pilosula anti-aging period

The physiological and biochemical mechanism of nitrate-nitrogen removal by water hyacinth from agriculture eutrophic wastewater

ABSTRACT Large amount of agriculturl wastewater containing high level nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 --N) is produced from modern intensive agricultural production management due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and livestock scale farming. The hydroponic experiment of water hyacinth was conducted for analyzing the content of NO3 --N, soluble sugar content, N-transported the amino acid content and growth change in water hyacinth to explore its purification ability to remove NO3 --N from agriculture eutrophic wastewater and physiological and biochemical mechanism of this plant to remove NO3 --N. The results showed that the water hyacinth could effectively utilize the NO3 --N from agriculture eutrophic wastewater. Compared with the control, the contents of NO3 -change to NO3 --N in the root, leaf petiole and leaf blade of water hyacinth after treatment in the wastewater for a week was significantly higher than that in the control plants treated with tap water, and also the biomass of water hyacinth increased significantly, indicating that the accumulation of biomass due to the rapid growth of water hyacinth could transfer some amount of NO3 --N.13C-NMR analysis confirmed that water hyacinth would convert the part nitrogen absorbed from agriculture eutrophic wastewater to ammonia nitrogen, which increased the content of aspartic acid and glutamic acid, decreased the content of soluble sugar, sucrose and fructose and the content of N-storaged asparagine and glutamine, lead to enhance the synthesis of plant amino acids and promote the growth of plants. These results indicate that the nitrate in agriculture eutrophic wastewater can be utilized by water hyacinth as nitrogen nutrition, and can promote plant growth by using soluble sugar and amide to synthesis amino acids and protein.

Establishment of the carbon label mechanism of coal chemical products based oncarbon footprint

ABSTRACT After redefining the carbon footprint and carbon label, the paper analyzesthe significance of the carbon labels under the background of the low carbon economy development, and establishes the concept of model of the carbon labels mechanism to chemical products. At the same time, the paper quantitatively studies carbon label data sourceof three kinds of coal chemical industry power products, which are fromhaving not CCS technologies of supercritical boiler of coal, using CCS technologies of supercritical boiler of coal and adopting CCS and IGCC technologies to power generation in CCI. Based on the three kinds of differences, the paper puts forward of establishing the carbon labels mechanism of chemical products under the low carbon consumption.

Effects of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of bush bean, winged bean and yard long bean

ABSTRACT VC (20%), TC (20%) and N:P:K fertilizer (farmer's practice) were used to determine the growth and yield attributes of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata). Plants grown with VC (20%) produced the highest fresh biomass for bush bean (527.55 g m-2), winged bean (1168.61 g m-2) and yard long bean (409.84 g m-2). In all the tested legumes the highest pod weight, pod number, pod dry weight and pod length were found in the VC (20%) treatment. Photosynthetic rates in the three legumes peaked at pod formation stage in all treatments, with the highest photosynthetic rate observed in winged bean (56.17 µmol m-2s-1) grown with VC (20%). The highest yield for bush bean (2.98 ton ha-1), winged bean (7.28 ton ha-1) and yard long bean (2.22 ton ha-1) were also found in VC (20%) treatment. Furthermore, protein content was highest in bush bean (26.50 g/100g), followed by yard long bean (24.74 g/100g) and winged bean (22.04 g/100g), under VC (20%) treatment. It can be concluded that legumes grown with VC (20%) produced the highest yield and yield attributes.

Research on Phosphorus Removal in Artificial Wetlands by Plants and Their Photosynthesis

ABSTRACT Urban rainfall runoff pollution has become a major reason for water eutrophication problem in the process of urbanization in China, while phosphorus is a significant restrictive factor that influences primary productivity of freshwater system. It's rather significant to conduct phosphorus control in waste water with engineering measures. This research, based on material balance research of phosphorus in artificial wetlands, HRT (hydraulic retention time) and analysis of wetland plant photosynthesis and removal rate of phosphorus, simulates purification of phosphorus in urban runoff sewage by artificial wetland system. Experiment shows that removal rate of total phosphorus in urban runoff sewage by artificial wetland system reaches 42.23%-60.89%, and contribution rate in removal of phosphorus which is assimilated and absorbed by plants is 14.74%; contribution rate in removal of phosphorus which is accumulated and absorbed by substrates is 43.22%; contribution rate in removal of phosphorus which is absorbed by means like microorganisms is 2.93%. Pollutant absorption by substrates is a process of dynamic equilibrium. With extension of HRT, phosphorus removing effect of wetlands present an increasing and then decreasing tendency; Net photosynthetic rate and TP removal rate of canna and reed have significant positive correlation, and correlation coefficients are respectively 0.941(P<0.001) and 0.915(P<0.05). Substrates and plants are main pathways for phosphorus removal of artificial wetlands, covering 95% of the total removing effect.

Effects of Leached Amylose and Amylopectin in Rice Cooking Liquidon Texture and Structure of Cooked Rice

ABSTRACT Effects of leached amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP) on textural and morphological properties of cooked rice were investigated separately by replacing cooking liquid with AM and AP separated from pouring cooking liquid. The pouring of cooking water reduced the hardness (from 28.45 to 19.42N) and stickiness (from 1.74 to 1.19N·s) significantly. However, the addition of AM and AP enhanced the hardness (27.63N) and stickiness (1.71N·s).Scanning electron microscopy show that the leached short-chain AM entered the surface hollows in the cooked rice after water evaporation. Meanwhile, the Long-chain AM cross-linked to formed a three-dimensional network structures, which covered on the filled hollows. This distribution led to a harder texture of cooked rice. The leached AP absorbed water and swelledto form masses. Atthe gelatinization temperature,theAPmassesagglomeratedtoformafilmlayer,whichcoveredtheunevenstructure, the thicker and smoother film contributed to the sticky texture.

Paired observation on light-cured composite resin and nano-composite resin in dental caries repair

To compare the value of light-cured composite resin with that of nano-composite resin in dental caries repair. 88 patients taking dental caries repair in our hospital from May 2014 to April 2015 were selected, and divided into observation group and control group by coin method with 44 patients in each group. Nano-composite resin was used in observation group, while light-cured composite resin in control group. Then, the occurrence rates of odontohyperesthesia, aesthetic satisfaction with dental caries repair and complications were compared between two groups by visual analogue scale [VAS]. The occurrence rate of odontohyperesthesia in observation group is significantly lower than that in control group [9.09% [4/44] vs 31.82% [14/44], 6.82% [3/44] vs 22.73% [10/44], 2.27% [1/44] vs 13.64% [6/44]] with difference of statistical significance [P<0.05] 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after repair. VAS score of patients in observation is significantly lower than that in control group [[2.78 +/- 0.56] scores vs [5.22 +/- 0.76] scores, [2.02 +/- 0.35] scores vs [4.32 +/- 0.57] scores, [1.12 +/- 0.14] scores vs [2.41 +/- 0.43] scores] 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after repair. Moreover, the difference in comparison of interactive effects between two groups, between different time points, and between groups at different time points has statistical significance [P<0.05]. Nano-composite resin can lower the occurrence rate of odontohyperesthesia in dental caries repair, reduce the pain of patients, and improve the satisfaction of patients with tooth appearance

Glutamine treatment attenuates hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial stress and apoptosis in umbilical vein endothelial cells

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro effect of glutamine and insulin on apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell permeability, and inflammatory cytokines in hyperglycemic umbilical vein endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown and subjected to glutamine and insulin to examine the effects of these agents on the hyperglycemic state. Mitochondrial function and the production of inflammatory cytokines were assessed using fluorescence analysis and multiple cytotoxicity assays. Apoptosis was analyzed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling assay. RESULTS: Glutamine maintains the integrity of the mitochondria by reducing the cell permeability and cytochrome c levels and increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. The cytochrome c level was significantly (p<0.005) reduced when the cells were treated with glutamine. An apoptosis assay revealed significantly reduced apoptosis (p<0.005) in the glutamine-treated cells. Moreover, glutamine alone or in combination with insulin modulated inflammatory cytokine levels. Interleukin-10, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor were up-regulated while tumor necrosis factor-α was down-regulated after treatment with glutamine. CONCLUSION: Glutamine, either alone or in combination with insulin, can positively modulate the mitochondrial stress and cell permeability in umbilical vein endothelial cells. Glutamine regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and maintains the balance of the mitochondria in a cytoprotective manner. .

Lidocaine 4% spray is better than intracuff lidocaine 2% for reducing the incidence of post-extubation cough in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy

Cough at extubation and postoperative sore throat are common complications in patients receiving general anesthesia with trachea! intubation. Different strategies have been used to reduce these effects. In this double blind controlled trial, we evaluated the effects of lidocaine sprayed onto the larynx and injected into tracheal tube cuff to decrease the incidence of cough at extubation and postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy [TAH] under general anesthesia. One hundred women, aged 40-60 years, scheduled for TAH under general anesthesia were included in this randomized double blind prospective study. After induction of general anesthesia, just before tracheal intubation, glottus was sprayed by 4% lidocaine or 0.9% saline through a syringe with 4 ml volume. After tracheal intubation, the tracheal tube cuff was filled with 4 ml of 2% lidocaine solution or 0.9% saline. In this way four groups were formed; spray-cuff group [lidocaine spray and lidocaine in cuff], spray-saline group [lidocaine spray and saline in cuff], saline-cuff group [saline spray and lidocaine in cuff], and saline-saline group [saline spray and saline in cuff], having 25 patients in each groups. The primary outcome was the incidence of cough at extubation. The incidence and severity of sore throat was recorded at 15 min, 60 min and 24 hrs post-extubation using visual analogue scale [VAS, 0=no pain, 10= worst pain imaginable] as a secondary outcome. All patients completed the study. Cough was noted in 20%, 16%, 76%, and 84% of patients in the spray-cuff group, spray-saline group, saline-cuff group and saline-saline group respectively. The spray of lidocaine onto the larynx resulted in decreased incidence of cough at extubation [P value < 0.001]. But the intracuff lidocaine did not show any decrease in the occurrence of cough or reduction in the incidence and severity of sore throat as it remained low in all groups. Use of lidocaine spray onto the larynx resulted in significantly decreased incidence of cough at tracheal extubation in patients undergoing TAH. However, the use of lidocaine into endotracheal tube cuffs had no effect on the incidence of cough or sore throat

Effect of preemptive analgesia with ketorolac on intra and post-operative opioid requirements in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy

Objective: pre-emptive analgesia may prevent or reduce hyper-analgesia, inhibit inflammation and reduce pain by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins in response to tissue damage caused by surgery. NSAIDS are used frequently for treatment of post-surgical pain along with opioids. However, they may not be as effective as opioids. Ketorolac [one of the NSAIDS] used post-operatively can be used for pre-emptive analgesia to reduce opioid requirements in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy [TAH]

Material and Methods: this was a double blind controlled trial with random allocation. After approval from hospital ethics committee, seventy ASA I and II patients between the ages of 40- 60 years undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy [TAH] were included in the study after informed consent. They were divided into two equal groups [35 patients in each group]. Each patient was shown the VAS [Visual Analogue Scale] preoperatively and explained how to rate her severity of pain on the scale. Thirty five patients, preemptive group [P group] received 30 mg of Ketorolac and 35 patients, control group [C group] received placebo [saline] intravenously [I.V] 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia. Intra-operatively, an increase in blood pressure and heart rate were taken as an indicator of pain during surgery and Injection Nalbuphine 0.05-mg/kg was administered as rescue analgesia. Postoperatively, for the initial 24 hours, pain was assessed on a VAS [VAS-score] of 1-3 considered as mild pain, 4-7 as moderate pain and 8-10 as severe pain]. If score was more than 3 a top up dose of lnj. Nalbuphine 0.05 mg/kg was administered intravenously. Total Nalbuphine consumption during the intraoperative as well as initial 24 hours postoperative period was recorded for each patient

Results: thirty five patients in study group [P group] and 35 patients in the control group [C group] completed the study. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference in pain scores as well as opioid requirements in both these groups [P > 0.05]

Conclusion: the results suggested that there was no decrease in opioid requirements in patients who received lnj. Ketorolac pre-emptively, therefore Ketorolac has little or no place as a preemptive analgesic

Effect of gabapentin on opioid requirements in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy

Gabapentin possesses antihyperalgesic and antiallodynia properties and has a definite role in neuropathic pain relief. In this study, we tried to determine whether preemptive use of gabapentin can result in reduction of intra and postoperative pain and narcotic [nalbuphine] requirements in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy [TAH]. In this randomized, double-blind controlled trial, 35 patients [study group] undergoing TAH received gabapentin 1200 mg and 35 patients [control group] received placebo orally two hours before induction of anesthesia. Intra-operatively, an increase in blood pressure and heart rate were taken as an indicator of pain during surgery and nalbuphine at 0.05-mg/kg body weight was administered as a rescue analgesia. Postoperatively, for the initial 24 hours, pain was assessed on a Visual Analogue Scale [VAS score 1-10, score 1-3 considered mild pain, 4-7 moderate pain and 8-10 as severe pain]. If score was more than 3 a top up dose of nalbuphine 0.05 mg/kg was administered intravenously. Total nalbuphine consumption during the intraoperative period and initial 24 hours postoperative period was recorded for each patient. Thirty four patients in the gabapentin group [study group] and 35 patients in the Placebo group [control group] completed the study. Overall, pain scores in the gabapentin group were significantly lower as compared to the Placebo group. The total nalbuphine consumption was 13.2 +/- 4.7 mg [mean +/- SD] in the gabapentin group versus 24.3 +/- 9.2 mg in the Placebo group [P < 0.001]. Preemptive use of gabapentin resulted in reduction of intra and postoperative narcotic [Nalbuphine] requirements in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy

Nail mine in stomach

Ingestion of foreign bodies is a common clinical scenario in any emergency department. Presence of thousands of ingested foreign bodies inside stomach is a rare scene. However, only a few such cases have been reported. Here we present a case of young adult man with known psychiatric disorder, having 2562 nails in his stomach leading to gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrotomy was employed to relieve the stomach of this mine of nails. Later psychiatric care was also provided

Maternal factors associated with intrauterine growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction is a major neonatal health issue. Maternal factors have been found to have greater impact on IUGR. Studying these factors can help in reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with IUGR. This Case-control study was conducted at the department of Paediatrics Post-graduate medical institute Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from March 2008-April 2009. Small-for-gestational age [SGA, i.e., IUGR cases and n=200] live born babies were compared with appropriate-for-gestational age [AGA, i.e., controls and n=200] babies. Information regarding socio-demographics of mothers, gestational age and birth weight of baby, maternal clinical characteristics, and medical and obstetric complications during pregnancy was recorded on a predesigned proforma. Data analysis was done through SPSS-16. To find the maternal factors associated with the intrauterine growth restriction, multivariable logistic regression was used. We also did two different sets of logistic regression analysis for Symmetric and Asymmetric SGA babies as Cases. After adjusting for other variables in the multivariable model we found that the mothers of IUGR babies were of younger age [OR=0.8, CI=0.7-0.9], were poor [OR=2.5, CI=1.4-4.4] and underweight [OR=3.5, CI=1.1-5.7] and had anaemia [OR=2.7, CI=1.3-5.4] in the index pregnancy, and had history of Previous IUGR birth [OR=9.7, CI=3.3-18.3] and placenta previa [OR=3.2, CI=1.1-6.6]. There was an interaction between pregnancy induced hypertension and parity of mother with a primary-para mother with pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH] having an increased risk for IUGR babies [OR=10.1, CI=1.0-23.2]. The studied factors need special attention in hospital based settings in order to improve the perinatal outcome in IUGR babies

Type and severity of valvular involvement in pediatric rheumatic heart disease patients

To assess frequency and severity of type of valvular involvement in pediatric patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease. This descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Cardiology Children Hospital Complex, Multan from April 2008 to April 2010. The data of all pediatric patients below 15 years of age undergoing detailed cardiac evaluation including ECG, X-Ray and Echocardiography were reviewed. Only new cases of Rheumatic Heart Disease were studied for type and severity of valvular involvement. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 13. A total of 2381 echocardiograms were performed during the study period. 190 [08%] patients were diagnosed as having Rheumatic Heart Disease. Mitral regurgitation was the commonest lesion: In 148 [77.9%] patients mitral regurgitation was found either alone [104, 54.7%] or in combination [44, 23.2%] with other lesions. In 50 [26.3%] patients aortic regurgitation was found either alone [06, 3.2%] or in combination [44, 23.2%] with other lesions. Mitral stenosis was found in only 14 [7.4%] patients. No patient had Rheumatic tricuspid or pulmonary valve. Amongst mitral regurgitation patients 54 [28.4%] had severe MR, 76 [40%] had moderate MR and 18 [9.5%] had mild MR. Amongst aortic regurgitation patients 06 [3.2%] had severe AR, 18 [9.5%] had moderate AR and 26 [13.7%] had mild AR. The commonest combination lesion was MR + AR which was found in 44 [23.2%] patients. The commonest valve involved in patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease was mitral valve followed by aortic valve. Regurgitant lesions are much more common in our younger age group patients as compared to the adult Rheumatic patients in whom mitral stenosis is usually the common lesion

Pattern and frequency of acute poisoning in children

To determine different agents involved in acute poisoning in children, determine time interval between ingestion of agent and report at the hospital and document its hospital outcome. This was descriptive case series study conducted at the Department of Paediatrics [Emergency and General Wards], Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from Jan 2007 to July 2007. A total of hundred patients with history of acute poisoning were subjected to detailed history and examination regarding different aetiological agents, time interval between ingestion of agent and report at hospital and hospital outcome. Majority of patients were below six years of age, 69% were male while 31% were female. Pharmaceutical agents and kerosene oil poisoning were the leading cause constituting 29% each followed by opiate and organophosphorus constituting 17% and 15% respectively. Fifty three percent of cases belonged to urban while forty seven percent belonged to rural area. Forty percent of cases were brought to the hospital within first hour; followed by 38% and 22% in 1-6 and more than 6 hours respectively. Ninety four percent of patients were discharged with almost complete recovery while six percent expired during hospital stay. Acute poisoning is an important paediatric medical emergency and has got an important effect on morbidity and mortality in this age group. Toddlers are the most prone group in children to acute poisoning. Kerosene oil, drugs, organophosphorus and opiate are the common aetiological agents of poisoning in children. Hospital outcome is poor in patients with corrosives poisoning

Pattern of hematological diseases in hospitalized pediatric patients based on bone marrow examination

The objective of this study was to look into various diagnoses of hematological lesions on bone marrow examination in our pediatric age group of patients. This study was conducted in the Pediatric A Unit and Department of Hematology Postgraduate Medical Institute [PGMI] Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from 01st Jan 2007 to 31st Dec 2007. Children admitted with pallor, bleeding, lymphadenopathy or visceromegaly having abnormal smear results were included in this study. The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS version 10. One hundred and ninety-eight cases were included in the study. The age range was from 06 months to 14 years with a mean age of 5.35 years and standard deviation of +/- 3.69. Majority [4 7.5%] of these children were in the age range of 1 to 5 years with male to female ratio of 1.53. The commonest disorder was aplastic anemia present in 40 [20.2%] of the cases followed by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura [ITP] [15.7%], megaloblastic anemia [14.6%] and iron deficiency anemia [7.6%]. Acute leukemia was the predominant malignant disorder present in 11.6% of the cases. There were also few cases of histiocytosis and bone marrow secondaries. Visceral leishmaniasis, anemia of chronic disorders, haemolytic anemia, myeloid hyperplasia, hypersplenism, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, malaria and Gaucher disease were the other non-malignant hematological disorders found in this study. Aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, megaloblastic anemia and leukemia are the commonest hematological disorders in our set up