ABSTRACT
The antioxidant activity and the inhibitory potential of α-amylase of lyophilized hydroethanolic extracts of Conocarpus erectus leaves obtained by ultrasonication were determined. The most potent extract was subjected to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system equipped with mass spectrometer for metabolite identification. The identified metabolites were docked in α-glucosidase to assess their binding mode. The results revealed that 60% ethanolic extract exhibited highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (4.08 ± 0.187 mg TE/g DE) and α-amylase inhibition (IC50 58.20 ± 1.25 µg/mL. The metabolites like ellagic acid, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid, ferujol, 5, 2 Ì-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethyl flavone and kaempferol glucoside were identified in the extract and subjected to molecular docking studies regarding α-amylase inhibition. The comparison of binding affinities revealed 3-O-methyl ellagic acid as most effective inhibitor of α-amylase with binding energy of -14.5911 kcal/mol comparable to that of acarbose (-15.7815 kcal/mol). The secondary metabolites identified in the study may be extended further for functional food development with antidiabetic properties.
Se determinó la actividad antioxidante y el potencial inhibidor de la α-amilasa de extractos hidroetanólicos liofilizados de hojas de Conocarpus erectus obtenidos por ultrasónicación. El extracto más potente se sometió a un sistema de cromatografía líquida de ultra alto rendimiento equipado con un espectrómetro de masas para la identificación de metabolitos. Los metabolitos identificados se acoplaron en α-glucosidasa para evaluar su modo de unión. Los resultados revelaron que el extracto etanólico al 60% exhibió el mayor poder antioxidante reductor férrico (4.08 ± 0.187 mg TE/g DE) e inhibición de la α-amilasa (IC50 58.20 ± 1.25 µg/mL. Los metabolitos como el ácido elágico, 3-O-metil elágico ácido, ferujol, 5, 2 Ì-dihidroxi-6,7,8-trimetil flavona y kaempferol glucósido se identificaron en el extracto y se sometieron a estudios de acoplamiento molecular con respecto a la inhibición de la α-amilasa. La comparación de las afinidades de unión reveló 3-O-metil El ácido elágico como inhibidor más eficaz de la α-amilasa con una energía de unión de -14,5911 kcal/mol comparable a la de la acarbosa (-15,7815 kcal/mol). Los metabolitos secundarios identificados en el estudio pueden ampliarse aún más para el desarrollo funcional de alimentos con propiedades antidiabéticas.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/chemistry , alpha-Amylases/antagonists & inhibitors , Myrtales/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Benzopyrans/analysis , In Vitro Techniques , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Molecular Docking Simulation , Antioxidants/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant potential and pancreatic lipase inhibitory action of optimized hydroethanolic extracts of Solanum nigrum. Methods: Optimized extraction for maximum recovery of metabolites was performed using a combination of freeze-drying and ultrasonication followed by determination of antioxidant and antiobesity properties. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry was used to analyze metabolite profiling of Solanum nigrum. Computational studies were performed using molecular docking and electrostatic potential analysis for individual compounds. The hypolipidemic potential of the most potent extract was assessed in the obese mice fed on fat rich diet. Results: The 80% hydroethanolic extract exhibited the highest extract yield, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents along with the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, total antioxidant power, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory properties. The 80% hydroethanolic extract not only regulated the lipid profile of obese mice but also restricted the weight gain in the liver, kidney, and heart. The 80% hydroethanolic extract also reduced alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase concentrations in serum. The effects of plant extract at 300 mg/kg body weight were quite comparable with the standard drug orlistat. Conclusions: Solanum nigrum is proved as an excellent and potent source of secondary metabolites that might be responsible for obesity mitigation.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant potential and pancreatic lipase inhibitory action of optimized hydroethanolic extracts of Solanum nigrum. Methods: Optimized extraction for maximum recovery of metabolites was performed using a combination of freeze-drying and ultrasonication followed by determination of antioxidant and antiobesity properties. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry was used to analyze metabolite profiling of Solanum nigrum. Computational studies were performed using molecular docking and electrostatic potential analysis for individual compounds. The hypolipidemic potential of the most potent extract was assessed in the obese mice fed on fat rich diet. Results: The 80% hydroethanolic extract exhibited the highest extract yield, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents along with the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, total antioxidant power, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory properties. The 80% hydroethanolic extract not only regulated the lipid profile of obese mice but also restricted the weight gain in the liver, kidney, and heart. The 80% hydroethanolic extract also reduced alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase concentrations in serum. The effects of plant extract at 300 mg/kg body weight were quite comparable with the standard drug orlistat. Conclusions: Solanum nigrum is proved as an excellent and potent source of secondary metabolites that might be responsible for obesity mitigation.
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Background: Helicobacter pylori infection has been associated with hyperglycemia among type 2 diabetics. The objective of this study was to compare the H. pylori infection frequency in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.Methods: This case-control study was done at Al-Tibri Medical College and Hospital from May 2019 to August 2019. After written and informed consent, patients between 18-75 years with epigastric burning, dyspepsia, regurgitation were included and with history of eradication therapy, antibiotic or NSAID use in the last 6 months or surgery of upper GI tract months were excluded. Type 2 diabetics were placed in one group and non-diabetic individuals in another. Both groups were compared for presence of H. pylori infection. Data was analysed using SPSS. Demographic variables included age, gender and status of H. pylori infection. Quantitative data was expressed as frequency and percentages. Chi-square test was applied to test for significance keeping p-value of <0.05 statistically significant.Results: From 480 patients, 355 patients showed positive H. pylori, among them 282 were diabetic and 73 non-diabetic (p-value <0.001). Amongst the 355 diabetics, 55% were male Among 73 non-diabetics, 64% were male. All the patients in the study had dyspeptic symptoms and complained of dyspepsia, epigastric burning and regurgitation.Conclusions: A substantial relationship between H. pylori infection among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was observed compared to non-diabetics. As a result, diabetic patients having active dyspeptic symptoms should undergo further confirmatory tests for diagnosing H. pylori infection.
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Objective: to compare the frequency of expulsion in immediate versus delayed insertion of intrauterine device in females presenting after delivery
Methods: this present randomized control trial was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinnah Hospital/ AIMC, Lahore. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used in this study. Informed consent was taken from all 200 patients. Demographic information [name, age, BMI and contact] were recorded. Females were divided in two groups on the basis of time of device insertion i.e. immediate or delayed [as per operational definition]. Females were followed for 6 months and x-ray was performed to confirm expulsion was labeled. Both groups were compared for IUD expulsion by using chi-square test taking p-value<0.05 as significant. Data was stratified for parity and obesity. Chi-square test was applied post-stratification
Results: the mean age of the patients was 28.99+/-6.31 years. The mean BMI of the patients was 27.06+/-3.83 kg/m2. In our study the IUD expulsion was observed in 15% patients. Statistically there is insignificant difference was found between the study group and IUD expulsion of the patients. I.e. p-value=0.23. Only significant difference was found between the study groups with obese patients and IUD expulsion of the patients i.e. p-value=0.02
Conclusion: the evidence found in our study suggests that both the immediate post-partum insertion of IUDs and delayed insertion of IUDs are safe and effective
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Background: Molecular marker based cancer diagnosis gaining more attention in the current genomics era. So, Hspb1 and Tp53 gene characterization and their mRNA expression might be helpful in diagnosis and prognosis of cat mammary adenocarcinoma. It will also add information in comparative cancer genetics and genomics
Objectives: Eight tumors of Siamese cats were analyzed to ascertain germ-line and tissue-specific somatic DNA variations of Hspb1 and Tp53 genes along with the ectopic differential expression in tumorous and normal tissues were also analyzed
Materials and Methods: Tumorous tissues and peripheral blood from mammary adenocarcinoma affected Siamese cats were collected from the Pet center-UVAS. DNA and RNA were extracted from these tissues to analyze the Hspb1 and Tp53 DNA variants and ectopic expression of their mRNA within cancerous and normal tissues
Results: Exon 1 and 3 revealed as hotspots in Hspb1 gene. The 5'UTR region of the exon1 bearsix mutation including 3 transitions, 2 transversion and one heterozygous synonymous transversion in two samples at locus c.34C>C/A. Exon 3 has 1 transversion at c.773A>A/T, 3'UTR of this exon harbor two point mutations at 1868A>T and 2193C>T loci. Intron 2 has two alterations at 1490C>C/T and GTCT4del at 1514. Overall up-regulation of Hspb1 gene was observed. While exons 3, 4 and 7 of Tp53 harbor a single variationat c.105A>A/G, c.465T>T/C and c.859G>T respectively. The locus c.1050G>G/A in exon 9 is a heterozygous [G/A] in 3 samples and homozygous [G] in 2 other tumours. Introns 3, 5, 7 and 9 harbor 3, 4, 2 and 7 altered loci respectively. Sixty percent of cancers showed up-regulated trend of Tp53 gene
Conclusions: Tumor specific mutations and ectopic expression of Hspb1 and Tp53 genes might be helpful in the diagnosis of the mammary lesions and endorse their involvement in cat mammary neoplasm
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Lysine executes imperative structural and functional roles in body and its supplementation in diet beneficial to prevent the escalating threat of protein deficiency. The physical mutagenesis offers new fascinating avenues of research for overproduction of lysine through surplus carbohydrate containing agriculture waste especially in developing countries. The current study was aimed to investigate the potential of UV mutated strain ofBrevibacterium flavum at 254 nm for lysine production. The physical and nutritional parameters were optimized and maximum lysine production was observed with molasses [4% substrate water ratio]. Moreover, supplementation of culture medium with metal cations [i.e. 0.4% CaSO[4], 0.3% NaCl, 0.3% KH[2]PO[4], 0.4% MgSO[4], and 0.2% [NH[4]][2]SO[4] w/v] together with 0.75% v/v corn steep liquor significantly inhanced the lysine production up to 26.71 +/- 0.31g/L. Though, concentrations of urea, ammonium nitrate and yeast sludge did not exhibit any profound effect on lysine production. Biological evaluation of lysine enriched biomass in terms of weight gain and feed conversion ratio reflected non-significant difference for experimental and control [+ve] groups. Conclusively, lysine produced in the form of biomass was compatible to market lysine in its effectiveness and have potential to utilize at commercial scale
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Anterior open bite is said to exist when there is an actual vertical gap between the upper and lower incisors with the teeth in centric occlusion. The etiology of anterior open bite is multifactorial and can be attributed to genetic and environmental traits, reflected in pathologic [muscular dystrophy and cleft lip/palate] and developmental factors. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anterior open bite in sample of Peshawar population. Three hundred patients reporting to the department of orthodontic for treatment were included in the study. After taking detailed history and clinical examination an impression of each patient was recorded in alginate impression material and models were poured in dental stone. Measurements were done on dental casts for anterior open bite in millimeters [mm] with vernier caliper having least count of 0.01 mm. SPSS [16.0] was used to analyze the data statistically. Frequencies and percentages were tabulated for each variable. The chronological age range of the sample was 15-30 years with a mean age of 16.2 +/- 5.2 years. Female are more in number i.e. 56.6%]. Anterior open bite was present in 14[4.6%] patient. Less severe open bite [<1mm] was more common [9[3%]] than severe [>1mm-2mm] one [5[1.6%]]
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The prevention, interception, and correction of dentofacial deformities also depend largely on a proper understanding of craniofacial growth and development. For growth modification to be successful, it is absolutely essential that its start at the right time. The aim of the present study was to assess mandibular size and cervical vertebrae maturation in subjects of both genders with Class one and Class two malocclusions. A total 100 patients; 50 males and 50 females having skeletal class one and two malocclusion were included in the study. Mandibular length was measured in millimeter on lateral cephalograms of each patient. Cervical Vertebral Maturation staging was done according to Baccetti et al. The comparison of mandibular length among gender and class of malocclusion was done. Out of total 100 patients half were males and half females. The age ranged from 8 to 15 years +/- 1.97. The commonest age range was 10-13 years. Mandibular lengths were greater in males from females in skeletal class one malocclusion whole no difference in skeletal class two. The longest length was in CS5. Statistically significant difference was found in mandibular among the gender but not among class of malocclusion
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cervical Vertebrae , Malocclusion, Angle Class II , Malocclusion, Angle Class I , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
To determine the percentage of medical teachers and fresh doctors who feel that graduating doctors are competent or incompetent to handle common ailments and to evaluate the reasons for their perceptions. Sequential mixed method. First phase extending from December 2010 to December 2011 and second phase was conducted in March 2014. First phase comprised electronic distribution of questionnaire to 100 medical teachers and fresh doctors working in hospitals attached with 5 private and 5 public sector medical colleges of Lahore and Karachi to rate an average house officer on a frequency scale of 1 - 6 and do self-assessment, in case of a fresh doctor. The second phase included interviews of 20 medical teachers to explore justification for their rating in the survey questionnaire and for triangulation of data. Quantitative data was analyzed through SPSS version 15 to calculate frequencies and percentages and interviews were analyzed through quasi-statistical approach. In survey, 38.36% out of 73 medical teachers and 30% out of 20 medical teachers in interviews confirmed their confidence on consulting fresh doctors for common ailments as opposed to 61.64% and 70% respectively, expressing their dissatisfaction. Self-assessment of fresh doctors indicated that 40% are confident in handling common medical conditions as opposed to 33.3% out of 75 respondents, who are not confident about their clinical skills. Faculty and self-assessment of fresh doctors has a fair overlap, indicating room for further improvement in the house job training program
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Education, Medical/methods , Hospitals, Teaching , Perception , Education, Medical, Undergraduate/ethics , Professional Competence , Clinical Competence , Internship and Residency , Educational Measurement , PhysiciansABSTRACT
Background: Urinary incontinence leaves the sufferer with physical and psychological stresses. Majority of the cases are caused by an underlying treatable condition however the it is under reported to medical care providers. The objective of this study was to explore the psychosocial impacts of urinary incontinence and assess quality of life in patients with urinary incontinence in Pakistan
Methods: This study was conducted at five tertiary care hospitals in the city of Karachi during January 2013 to December 2013. Self-administered questionnaire was prepared and adjusted according to the local social dynamics of the community based on 'Incontinence Impact Questionnaire' and 'The Kings Health questionnaire'. Inclusion criteria included urinary incontinent patients visiting outpatient departments
Results: The study comprised of 280 participants with a response rate of 80%. Overall 89 males and 191 females participated. Majority of the sample population [40.7%] believed that the weak anatomy was the etiology of their Urinary Incontinence. More than 40% of the participants declared that they would rate 'the fear that an embarrassing condition could arise in result of their disease' as 'Moderate' followed by 38.2% as 'Highly'. 39.64% stated that their social life including interaction with people was 'Moderately' affected and 21.7% believed that they their social interaction was 'highly' limited. Regarding travel, majority of the participants asserted that their travel has been restricted to a great extent and rated as Highly [30.7%] or Moderate [29.6%]. In total 28.5% patients stated that their exercise schedule had been 'Moderately' affected as a consequence of their disease
Conclusion: Patients with urinary incontinence should be heard comprehensively by the care providers. Coping techniques for patients and education regarding Urinary incontinence should be provided by the medical practitioner to the sufferers
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Background: Surgery is a competitive specialty and requires a lengthy and rigorous residency training which necessitates one's passion and commitment. A number of medical students experience their surgical rotation as demanding with extended period of work hours as compared to other medical specialties
Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at four medical colleges located in Karachi, Pakistan during September 2013 to January 2014. A self administered questionnaire was made to gain insight regarding students' views of advantages and disadvantages associated with surgical profession. Medical students who have completed at least one rotation of surgery were included in the study
Results: Overall 810 respondents participated in the study, with a response rate of 90.% Amongst the participants 72.8%were females and 27.2% were males. 62.7% of the students thought that surgery is a stressful profession, while 80.8% believed that a surgeon's family life is adversely compromised at some time during their carrier [86.7% females, 65% males]. Majority of the students [55.3%] asserted that surgery is more respectful than other medical field, however 52.7% of the respondents believed that a surgeon's income is higher than any other medical specialty. Overall 17.9% students strongly considered to become surgeon in future [Male/Female OR: 2.0]
Conclusion: Workload, family life, length of residency, income, respect and stress level associated with surgery are some important factors influencing student's choice for profession
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Background: Tuberculosis [TB] can be traced back to the beginning of the mankind. It is a bacterial infectious communicable disease. Globally, TB is the second major cause of death from infectious diseases. MDR-TB is a type of tuberculosis that is resistance to at least two first line anti-tuberculosis drugs Isoniazid [INH] and Rifampicin [RMP] with or without resistance to other drugs. Multidrug resistant TB [MDR-TB] caught attention, when it emerged in the USA in 1990. Globally 425,000 new cases emerge annually, which is almost 5% of the annual global TB burden. Pakistan is included in 27 high burden MDR-TB countries, with almost 2% to 3.2% for newly diagnosed and 35% for previously treated patients. The overall aim of this study was to assess the burden and the distribution of resistance for four anti-tuberculosis medications
Method: A cross sectional study design was used. Data was collected from the hospital records of microbiology department, for the patients between the duration of January 2008 to December 2011. Forms of 300 patients were collected and analyzed. Epi-data and SPSS software were used for analysis. An outcome variable was developed and analysed. Correlation of resistance was analysed with different independent variables such as age, sex, residence [rural/urban], duration of disease, TB treatment history, smear reports and sensitivity results
Results: The results of this study showed the variation of resistance to four different drugs, but most resistance was found for rifampicin and lowest for Ethambutol. The resistance was found Isoniazid [49%], Streptomycin [52%], Rifampicin [68%], and Ethambutol [25%]. Resistance between male/female and rural/urban was not prominently different. Among the different TB types, MDR-TB patients were found to be more resistant, with the highest resistance for Rifampicin [80%] and the lowest resistance for Ethambutol [31%]. The extent of the lesion had no association with the resistance prevalence. Age was significantly associated with resistance. Previous ZN smear negative reported cases appeared to be more resistant
Conclusion: This study suggests for improvements in the early detection and treatment. Old test techniques such as ZN smear should also be replaced by more reliable and efficient laboratory techniques. There is also a need to improve the record keeping system in order to have complete information about the diseases and patients
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston method in predicting the size of unerupted permanent canines and premolars in a section of Peshawar Population. Convenience sampling technique was utilized for collection of data from 100 patient's casts on printed proforma. The teeth were measured using an electronic digital caliper with an accuracy of +/- 0.01 mm. The predictions of the width of the canines and the first and second premolars in both arches were made with the Tanaka-Johnston analysis. For the maxillary arch, 11 mm was added to half of the total value of the mesiodistal widths of the four mandibular incisors, whereas 10.5 mm was added to half of the total value of the four mandibular incisors regarding to the mandibular arch. Both genders in both occlusal arches showed high level of applicability of Tanaka and Johnston mixed dentition analysis with p<0.05
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This study was designed to analyze the BCG vaccination status and compare the immune globulins levels in the household contacts of tuberculous patients with non contacts of unexposed healthy peoples. Lahore. Cross sectional study. Investigations like ESR were done and the sera of 200 persons included in the study were tested for anti tuberculous antibodies by ELISA. BCG vaccination present or absent and scars were positive or negative in both groups were included. The combined serological positivity of the household contacts was 65.8% and for non-contacts was 34.1%. BCG scars were mostly absent in the household contacts as well as in non-contacts; But statistically IgG and IgA were present significantly by higher number in the household contacts as compared to non-contacts, where as no significant difference in the IgM levels. These immunoglobulins status were compared with BCG scars in both study and control groups. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 14. Household contacts of tuberculosis patients are more susceptible to tuberculosis as compared to the non-contacts, as shown by positive and negative status of cglitjirculous antibodies in the house hold contacts. More over BCG vaccination has no significant role in humoral evaluation
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The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of fetomaternal hemorrhage [FMH] and its quantification in the third trimester of pregnancy. This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1999 to April 2000. 500 females in the third trimester of pregnancy were selected from the outdoor of Obstetrics/Gynecology of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore. Kleihauer's acid elution test was done to see the prevalence of FMH and the hematological parameters performed were hemoglobin estimation and blood groups of patients. Out of 500, 384 subjects were multigravida [76.8%] and 116 subjects were primigravida [23.2%]. They were further evaluated under the following headings. [1] i] Multigravida [MG] without risk factors. ii] Multigravida with risk factors. 2] i] Primigravida [PG] without risk factors. ii] Primigravida with risk factors. The prevalence of FMH is 5.6%, with MG 5.3% and PG 6.5% and the volume of FMH was in the range of 0.2-2 ml
ABSTRACT
Artemisinin [ARMN] is a drug of choice against drug-resistant malaria especially due to Plasmodium falciparum. Being poorly soluble in water, its solid dispersions with nicotinamide [NA] were prepared at various drug-carrier ratios [1:1, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10] by solvent evaporation and freeze drying methods. These solid dispersions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetery [DSC], fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR], X-ray diffraction patterns [XRD], phase solubility and dissolution studies. Artemisinin and nicotinamide both were found completely crystalline as shown by their XRD patterns. Physical mixtures [PMs] showed decreased intensity in their XRD patterns while solid dispersions by solvent evaporation method [SLVPs] exhibited displaced angles and decreased intensity whereas freeze dried solid dispersions [FDSDs] showed least number of peaks having low intensity and maximum displaced angles. DSC thermograms of drug-carrier ratios at 1:1-1:4 showed lower melting temperature than artemisinin and nicotinamide in all preparations. Endothermic temperature of artemisinin in PMs and SLVPs increased with rise of nicotinamide content upto 1:6 ratio followed by decline. All samples showed crystallization temperature below the artemisinin except drug-carrier ratio 1:6 of PMs while delta H value was minimum at this ratio. FDSDs produced lowest endothermic temperature than corresponding PMs and SLVPs. SLVPs exhibited band shifting in both functional and fingerprint region compared to respective PMs as exhibited by their FTIR spectra. FDSDs and SLVPs showed different nature of bonding among artemisinin and nicotinamide. FDSDs produced strongest CONH[2] bonding followed by SLVPs and PMs respectively. PMs produced significantly higher aqueous solubility and rate of dissolution as compared to artemisinin alone. SLVPs exhibited improved solubility and dissolution profile corresponding to PMs. FDSDs showed highest release rate and aqueous solubility followed by SLVPs and PMs at all ratios. PMs and SLVPs showed their highest dissolution profile at 1:6 drug-carrier ratio followed by gradual decrease while FDSDs progressed in dissolution rate with increase of nicotinamide content successively upto maximum at 1:10 ratio
Subject(s)
Niacinamide , Calorimetry, Differential Scanning , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to mask the bitter taste imparted by dihydroartemisinin (DHA) by the use of different coating materials. Trial-1 and trial-2 were conducted to prepare the DHA granules. The granules produced from trial-1 were irregular in shape and smaller in size while the trial-2 granules were more regular and larger in size. The granules obtained from both trials were then coated with two different coating methods, namely A and B, depending upon coating material. The trial-2 granules showed better flow properties than trial-1 granules. In vitro dissolution studies in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 revealed that granules of trial-2B released only 34 percent ± 3 DHA in two minutes compared with trial-1A (57 percent ± 2), trial-1B (48 percent ± 2) and trial-2A (53 percent ± 7). The pleasant taste perception (PTP) test also confirmed the taste masking efficacy of trial-2B (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the more regular and smooth surface of trial-2B granules. In addition, the differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA) confirmed no interaction between the materials and pure DHA. DHA has shown its characteristic peaks in the x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns which were also prominent in all the granules. In conclusion, the granules obtained from trial-2B displayed considerable decrease in the bitter taste of DHA thereby fulfilling the purpose of this study.
O objetivo deste estudo foi o de mascarar o gosto amargo característico da diidroartemisinina (DHA) pelo uso de diferentes materiais de revestimento. Experimento-1 e experimento-2 foram realizados para preparar grânulos de DHA. Os grânulos produzidos pelo experimento-1 mostraram-se irregulares e menores se comparados aos obtidos pelo experimento-2, que foram mais regulares e maiores. Os grânulos obtidos em ambos os experimentos foram, então, revestidos por dois métodos distintos de revestimento, designados como A e B, dependendo do material de revestimento empregado. Os grânulos do experimento-2 mostraram melhor propriedade de fluxo que os obtidos no experimento-1. Estudos de dissolução in vitro em tampão fosfato pH 6,8 revelaram que grânulos do experimento-2B liberaram apenas 34 por cento ± 3 da DHA em dois minutos se comparado com experimento-1A (57 por cento ± 2), experimento-1B (48 por cento ± 2) e experimento-2A (53 por cento ± 7). A Análise Sensorial quanto ao sabor (Pleasant Taste Perception - PTP) também confirmou a eficácia do experimento-2B (P <0,05) em mascarar o gosto amargo da DHA. Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (SEM) revelou a superfície mais regular e lisa dos grânulos obtidos pelo experimento-2B. Além disso, Análise Termogravimétrica e Análise Térmica Diferencial (TG-DTA) confirmaram que não há nenhuma interação entre os materiais e a DHA pura. DHA mostrou seus picos característicos na Difração de Raios X (XRD) em padrões que também foram proeminentes em todas as amostras. Em conclusão, os grânulos obtidos pelo experimento-2B exibiram diminuição considerável no gosto amargo da DHA, o que era o propósito deste estudo.
Subject(s)
Tablets, Enteric-Coated/analysis , Tablets, Enteric-Coated/pharmacology , Drug Compounding , Pharmacology/statistics & numerical data , Pharmacology/methods , Drug Evaluation , X-Ray Diffraction/statistics & numerical data , ThermogravimetryABSTRACT
The increased level of LDL-c in the serum has a high risk and the increased serum HDL-c level has a low risk for the development of atherosclerosis. The effect of Nigella Sativa on levels of cholesterol fractions were determined in this study on rats. 24 albino rats of 08 weeks age having equal number of males and females were kept at optimum atmospheric condition. The blood samples were taken at the start and different control and experimental diets were given for 24 weeks. The experimental diets were added with Nigella Sativa as 30 mg/kg body weight. The blood samples were taken at the end of study. The blood samples drawn at the start and end of the study were estimated for serum cholesterol. The results of control and experimental groups were compared. Total serum cholesterol in the control group showed increase from 8.3 +/- 3.30 to 13.96 +/- 9.3 at 24 weeks. The serum HDL cholesterol showed increase from 44.4 +/- 6.12 to 80.45 +/- 5.95 level at 24 weeks. The serum LDL cholesterol showed increase from 8.3 +/- 3.30 to 13.96 +/- 9.3 at 24 weeks. The total serum cholesterol in experimental group was increased from 76.9 +/- 6.5 to 117.5 +/- 6.65 at 24 weeks. The serum HDL cholesterol levels was increased from 41.7 +/- 4.9 to 83.42 +/- 5.92 at 24 weeks as compared with control group. The LDL cholesterol levels were decreased from 12.7 +/- 6.9 to 8.5 +/- 7.8 at 24 weeks. This study shows significant decrease in serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and increase in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels