Burnout among female nursing students

Objective: To determine the frequency of burnout among Pakistani military female nursing students and to find out its association with demographic factors and common stressors during training

Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Combined Military Hospital [CMH] Lahore and CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College from Mar to Apr 2015

Material and Methods: Sample consisted of 84 female nursing students. Since it was a relatively small sample and participants were easily accessible so all 84 students available at the time of study were included. Mashlach Burnout Inventory [MBI] [which included 20 questions] was used to measure emotional exhaustion, and burnout. The questionnaire also elicited information about socio-demographic characteristics and various perceived stressors during their training. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS version 20.0

Results: On the MBI, 66 [78.6%] nurses showed mild emotional exhaustion, 17 [20.2%] showed moderate emotional exhaustion and only 1 [1.2%] showed high emotional exhaustion. Similarly no burnout was found in 29 [34.5%] nurses; whereas mild burnout was found in 30 [35.7%], moderate burnout in 19 [22.6%], severe burnout in 5 [6%], and only one nurse student [1.2%] showed extreme burnout. No significant association was found between various stressors and burnout [p>0.05]

Conclusion: There is low level of burnout in female military nursing students in this study. This is a favorable finding and may be considered helpful in increasing productivity, performance and quality of patient care

Prevalence and associated factors of burnout among military doctors in Pakistan

To determine the frequency of factors contributing to burnout among military Physicians in Lahore, Pakistan. Cross-sectional analytical study. Combined Military Hospital [CMH] Lahore and CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College from March 2014 to September 2014. Sample consisted of 133 physicians [n=66] males and n=67 females]. Convenient sampling procedure was used. Mashlach Burnout Inventory [MBI] which included 22 questions was used to measure emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. The questionnaire also elicited information about socio-demographic and work characteristics. Data was entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS version 20.0]. Chi-square test of significance was used to see the significance of association between age, gender, duration of service in years and working hours per week. p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. On the MBI, 29 [21.8%] physicians showed high emotional exhaustion, 22 [16.6%] showed high depersonalization and 34 [25.6%] showed low personal accomplishment. Thirty-seven physicians [27.8%] were identified as experiencing a high degree of burnout [high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low personal accomplishment]. The frequency of high degree of burnout was higher among males [36.4%] as compared to females [17.9%] and this difference was statistically borderline significant [p = 0.057]. However, there was statistically significant difference [p = 0.03] of burnout between those working >/= 41 hours per week as compared to working

Trends of tobacco smoking among students of private university, Lahore - Pakistan

Objective: To assess the trends of tobacco smoking among students of private university Lahore

Study design: A cross-sectional study

Place and duration of study: From April 2012 to May 2012 at Becanhouse National University, Lahore

Subjects and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from 51 students after obtaining informed consent. Data was entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS] version 16.0

Results: Prevalence of smoking was 60.8%. There were 62.5% male smokers and 60% female smokers. 'Sheesha' smoking was most common [40.6%]. Sixty-eight per cent smokers started smoking between 15-19 years of age. Cause of smoking in 64.5% was just for fun. Forty-eight out of 51 [94.1%] knew the hazards of smoking. Health education and high tax on cigarettes were pointed out by students to control the rising trend of smoking in the country

Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of smoking among university students which is disturbing. There is also very high prevalence of smoking among female students which is worrisome. Prevention and cessation of smoking among university students is drastically needed

Hepatitis b [HBV] and hepatitis c virus [HCV]; frequency of risk factors

Infections with Hepatitis B Virus [HBV] and Hepatitis C virus [HCV] are worldwide public health problem. This is related to the continued occurrence of new infections and the presence of a large reservoir of chronically infected persons. To determine the frequency of risk factors [causes of transmission] for HBV and HCV infections in hospitalized patients of CMH, Lahore and Sheikh Zayed hospital, Lahore. Design: Descriptive [cross sectional]. Setting: The study was carried out in CMH, Lahore and Sheikh Zayed hospital, Lahore from January, 2012 to July, 2012. The patients were selected by consecutive [non-probability] sampling technique. The data was collected through questionnaire. Informed written consent was obtained SPSS version 16.0 was used to calculate the descriptive statistics. Out of total of 100 subjects, 50 were cases and 50 were controls. Out of 50 cases, 26% were HBV positive and 74% were HCV positive with female preponderance. The history of injections was very high in both the groups, making a total of 64% [14% HBV; 16% HCV] the important contributors for different types of hepatitis were blood transfusion [HBV = 10%; HCV = 28%; controls = 14%]. Surgical procedures [4% HBV, 28% HCV; 8% controls]. History of piercing in the last six months [HBV = 6%; HCV = 22% and control = 8%]. History of dental procedures in the last six months was higher in HCV patients [18% HCV and 4% HBV]. History of HBV or HCV positive patients or relatives at home. [HBV 18%; HCV 36%; control 30%]. Conclusions: In Pakistan there is an urgent need to raise the public awareness about importance of properly screened blood transfusion, use of disposable needles and using new blades for shaving and haircuts especially at barber shops. In our study, the important contributors for different types of hepatitis were blood transfusion, surgical procedures and history piercing in the last 6months

Seropositivity of hepatitis B and C in blood donors at CMH Lahore, Pakistan

Background: There is high prevalence of Hepatitis B and C infections in Pakistan; especially Hepatitis C has adopted the shape of epidemic. Due to their mode of transmission through blood and blood products, it has made the provision of safe blood difficult and the screening of blood absolutely necessary

Objective: To find out the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C virus among the healthy blood donors at Combined Military Hospital [CMH] Lahore, Pakistan

Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Blood Bank of CMH Lahore Laboratory from 1[st] January 2011 to 31[st] April 2011. All healthy blood donors [n = 2155] reporting to blood bank during the above mentioned period were screened for Hepatitis B and C. Written records of blood bank of CMH Lahore laboratory were reviewed. Study Performa was designed for collection of data. Data was entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS] version 16.0

Results: Total number of 2155 donors was screened. Out of these, 2041[92.7%] were males and 114[5.3%] were females. The results of the study showed higher prevalence of Hepatitis C in the blood donors constituting 77 [3.6%] donors. Out of 2155 donors, 21 [1.3%] were positive for Hepatitis B. Age group of 34-41 was most affected in both Hepatitis B and C positive blood donors

Conclusions: Prevalence of Hepatitis C is clearly on the rise. To control its further spread, public awareness programs and health education programs and proper selection of healthy blood donors, proper screening and discouraging professional donors should be done. Policy message: Media should be used by National Hepatitis Control Programme of Pakistan to educate the public about hazards of unscreened blood transfusion. Blood screening for Hepatitis B and C infections should be made mandatory at all blood banks

Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding dengue fever in people of Lahore

Dengue fever has emerged as an important public health problem in recent years and has become endemic throughout major cities in Pakistan. In Lahore, capital of Punjab it has appeared as an epidemic during last few years. Lahore has been worst hit by Dengue and emerged as an epidemic with terrible implications on health and economy of the populations and collapsing the health systems. Study was conducted during the peak of epidemic in 2011. To establish a baseline of knowledge, attitude and practices for dengue prevention. Cross Sectional Study. This study was conducted in Lahore, Capital of Punjab province. Lahore has been divided in to eight administrative zones called 'towns'. Allama Iqbal and Gulberg towns were selected for the study. Study was conducted during the month of September 2011, at the peak of epidemic. The study was focused on densely populated 6 areas and a total of 219 household were randomly selected and interviewed and all information stored in a structured Proforma. Among 219 households, showed that electronic media was the most common source of information within the community, followed by Friends and family. Areas of deficit knowledge were information about vector and its biting time and seasonal prevalence. The identified deficit areas of practices were keeping water storage tanks uncovered and less use of insecticides. Whereas, negative attitude noted was about elimination of larval breeding sources. Overall level of knowledge and practices were low however, study showed positive attitude of community toward Dengue prevention

Frequency of coronary heart disease: risk factors among doctors of CMH Lahore medical and dental college, Lahore - Pakistan

Objective: To determine the frequency of various risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease [CHD] among doctors of CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan

Design: A cross-sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore from 01 Jun 2011 to 31st Jul 2011

Subjects and Methods: A sample size of 104 subjects was selected by convenience sampling after taking verbal consent. A pre-tested questionnaire consisting of questions about presence or absence of CHD risk factors was self-administered. Variables such as gender, age group, and CHD risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history of heart disease, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, Body Mass Index [BMI] and exercise were included

Results: Among 104 subjects, 53[51%] were males, 51[49%] females and less than 40 years age group were 53 [51%] and more than 40 years were 51[49%]. Proportions of major risk factors were: hypertension 20.2%, diabetes mellitus 7.7%, smoking 13.5%, hypercholesterolemia 19.2%, overweight 33.7%, obesity 5.8%, and lack of regular exercise 40.4%. Proportions of three major risk factors [smoking, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia] occurring singly, doubly and all three together in the study population were found to be 16.3%, 9.7% and 4.8%, respectively. Data was also analyzed for risk factors by comparing those with and without family history of CHD to eliminate any bias. Results were not statistically significant except for hypertension [P = 0.002]

Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of CHD risk factors in doctors of CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College. Modifiable risk factors like diabetes, hypertension and cholesterol need better control. Preventive screening programs and healthy lifestyles need to be emphasized

Comparison between angiographic findings of the coronary artrey involved in acute myocardial infarction between military and civilian sectors

Objective: Comparison between involvement of different coronary arteries in acute myocardial infarction among military and civilian population

Place: Combined military hospital Lahore and Punjab institute of cardiology Lahore

Time Duration: From 15th March to 15th April 2010

Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study

Patients And Methods: 50 civilians patients admitted in PIC Lahore and 50 patients admitted in CMH Lahore with confirmed acute myocardial infarction on angiography were selected in the study by consecutive sampling

Results: Involvement of left circumflex coronary artery was documented only in military personnel [p=.003], whereas left anterior descending artery was predominantly [64%] involved in civilian population [p=.091]. Military personnel had more [42%] triple vessel coronary artery disease [p=.003] and double vessel coronary artery disease [p= 0.001] in contrast to civilian population

Conclusion: Involvement of coronary arteries varies significantly [p=.000] among the different sectors of the same society

Effects of female literacy on family size

Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version 11. A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty [87%] females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty [87%] had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six [91%] females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 [10%] uneducated females had small family and rest 38 [90%] had a large family size. Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan. Female literacy should be increased through systematic education, to have an effect on family size