ABSTRACT
The livestock sector is continuously facing problems in controlling parasitic diseases especially Haemonchosis due to emergence of anthelminthic resistance and failure in vaccination control programmes. Therefore, to increase milk and meat production and emerging demand of meat free from drug residues development of new alternative approaches are appealing for prevention and control of Haemonchosis in small ruminants. Among alternatives, plants driven essentials oils have shown promising results in control of Haemonchus contortus infection at various concentrations by different assays including egg hatch assay, larval development assay, larval exsheathment assay and adult motility assay. Essential oils are complex mixtures of various impulsive or volatile compounds which have potential to control Haemonchosis. The current study reviews the therapeutic effects of essential oils of plants against Haemonchus contortus and to be used them against Haemonchus contortus for future perspectives.
El sector ganadero enfrenta continuamente problemas para controlar las enfermedades parasitarias, especialmente la hemoncosis, debido a la aparición de resistencia antihelmíntica y al fracaso en los programas de control de vacunación. Por lo tanto, para aumentar la producción de leche y carne, y la demanda emergente de carne libre de residuos de medicamentos, el desarrollo de nuevos enfoques alternativos es atractivo para la prevención y el control de la hemoncosis en pequeños rumiantes. Entre las alternativas, los aceites esenciales producidos por las plantas han mostrado resultados prometedores en el control de la infección por Haemonchus contortus a diversas concentraciones mediante diferentes ensayos, incluido el análisis de eclosión de huevos, el desarrollo de larvas, el análisis de vaciado de larvas y el ensayo de motilidad en adultos. Los aceites esenciales son mezclas complejas de varios compuestos impulsivos o volátiles que tienen potencial para controlar la hemonchosis. Este estudio revisa los efectos terapéuticos de los aceites esenciales de las plantas contra Haemonchus contortus y evalúa sus perspectivas futuras como agentes para combatir las enfermedades causadas por este parásito.
Subject(s)
Animals , Plants/chemistry , Ruminants/parasitology , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Haemonchus/drug effects , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/isolation & purification , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Haemonchiasis/drug therapy , Anthelmintics/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Ectoparasitism in animals has become an issue of great concern that needs to be resolved to prevent huge economic losses occurring to livestock industry all over the world. Synthetic adrugs have been playing a major role in controlling ectoparasites, but their frequent and irrational use has resulted in drug resistance to routinely used chemicals and their residual effects on food and environment. Therefore, this approach of using chemical acaricides and insecticides is losing its popularity and effectiveness in controlling ectoparasites. So, the development of alternative approaches in ectoparasite management is currently required. Among alternative protocols, plants and their essential oils have played remarkable role in controlling different ectoparasites (ticks, flies, mites, lice) of veterinary importance. Essential oils have been proved to be cheaper, more effective and safer therapeautic agents against different ectoparasites of livestock importance.
En los animales el ectoparasitismo se ha convertido en un tema de gran preocupacioÌn que debe resolverse para evitar que se produzcan grandes peÌrdidas econoÌmicas para la industria ganadera en todo el mundo. Los aditivos sinteÌticos han desempenÌado un papel importante en el control de los ectoparaÌsitos, pero su uso frecuente e irracional ha dado como resultado la resistencia a los faÌrmacos utilizados habitualmente y efectos residuales sobre los alimentos y el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, el enfoque basado en el uso de acaricidas e insecticidas quiÌmicos estaÌ perdiendo popularidad y efectividad en el control de los ectoparaÌsitos. Por lo tanto, actualmente se requiere el desarrollo de enfoques alternativos en el manejo de ectoparaÌsitos. Entre los protocolos alternativos, las plantas y sus aceites esenciales han jugado un papel notable en el control de diferentes ectoparaÌsitos (garrapatas, moscas, aÌcaros, piojos) de importancia veterinaria. Se ha demostrado que los aceites esenciales son agentes terapeÌuticos maÌs baratos, maÌs efectivos y maÌs seguros contra diferentes ectoparaÌsitos de importancia ganadera.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Acaricides/pharmacology , Insecticides/pharmacology , Insecta/drug effects , Veterinary Medicine , Mites/drug effectsABSTRACT
The study was aimed at evaluating various biological actions of widely consumed Areca catechu nut. The nut's ethanolic extract exhibited cytotoxicity [lung cancer cell line], embryotoxicity [chick embryo], phytotoxicity [Lemna minor], insecticidal [Rhyzopertha dominica], anti-bacterial [Pseudomonas aeruginosa], anti-fungal [Microsporum canis] and mitogenic [human blood lymphocytes] actions. The standardization results revealed presence of 1.7 microg arecoline per mg of extract. In conclusion, the Areca nut is endowed with both harmful and beneficial biological actions. Keeping in view its wide consumption and ease of availability, the aforesaid information should be channelized for health and agricultural benefits
ABSTRACT
Objective: To find out the indication and frequency of permanent pacemaker implantation in complete heart block patients [CHB]
Study Design: Prospective cohort study
Place and Duration of Study: Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi for a period of six months from Mar 2016 to Sep 2016
Material and Methods: Total 153 patients of both genders coming to Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology with complete heart block were included in the study. The patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were evaluated for the etiology of complete heart block by history, physical examination, electrocardiography, blood tests, chest x-ray and echocardiography. Later their outcome [pacemaker implantation/medical treatment/death] was determined
Results: Myocardial infarction was found out to be the cause for CHB in 32.1 percent patients. Out of 153 patients, 12 patients died. In the remaining 141 patients, 77 were implanted with a pacemaker
Conclusions: Myocardial infarction accounted for 32.1 percent cases of complete heart block and a significant number of patients were implanted with a permanent pacemaker. Hence the trend of pacemaker use is on a rise
ABSTRACT
Background: The ongoing industrial and infrastructural development in Saudi Arabia carries a high risk of occupational injuries/diseases.
Aims: To compare trends in occupational injuries and diseases among Saudi and non-Saudi insured workers.
Methods: We used the index values method and slope [S] calculation to analyse the occupational injuries/diseases trends from data in the annual statistical reports published by the General Organization for Social Insurance between 2004 and 2014. Data for 10 565 993 [18.5%] Saudi insured workers [SIWs] and 46 402 079 [81.5%] non-Saudi insured workers [NSIWs] and 896 627 occupational injuries/diseases were analysed.
Results: The distribution of incidences of occupational injuries/diseases among NSIWs [93.5%] was 14 times higher than that of SIWs [6.5%]. Occupational injuries/diseases were more likely to increase among NSIWs than SIWs, particularly in the construction, trade, financing and real estate economic activities, and engineering, technicians and service workers occupations. There was a general decreasing trend in occupational injuries/diseases until 2013.
Conclusions: Non-Saudi insured workers were at high risk of occupational injuries/diseases, therefore, implementation of an effective injury prevention programme is required.
Subject(s)
Humans , Occupational Diseases , Transients and Migrants , InsuranceABSTRACT
Background: Medical profession requires a deep insight regarding its extensive curriculum for competency in field. Motivation is a contributing factor. Objective: To determine the types of motivational profiles and study strategies among medical students
Methodology: Study design: Cross Sectional study. Study Setting: Sheikh Zayed Medical College Rahim Yar khan
Duration of Study: 1st July to 30th September 2017. Sample Size: A total of 120 subjects were included in the study. Sampling Technique: Two stage stratified systematic random sampling. Study Subject: Students of all classes. Inclusion Criteria: Students of MBBS classes from 1st Year to Final Year from either sex. Exclusion Criteria: People not willing to participate in study. Motivational profiles and study strategies, study hours, and learning methods to memorize were assessed. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20
Results: Most common motivational profile was high intrinsic high controlled 52 [43%]. Most common learning method was understanding and repetition 89 [74%]. Daily study hours were non specific among 66 [55%] of students
Conclusion: High intrinsic high controlled was most common profile and understanding and repetition was most common way of learning
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Management of chronic Hepatitis C and its complications is a major concern for physicians. Peripheral neuropathy is a disease affecting the nerves, and is one of the complications of Hepatitis C
Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in chronic hepatitis-C patients. Study design and duration: The type of study is a cross-sectional study, which was conducted over a period of one month from 01-11-2015 to 30-11-2015
Setting: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan
Sample size and procedure: The study population consisted of a random sample group of 139 Hepatitis C positive patients who presented to the Internal Medicine Department either via out-patient clinic or via emergency. After due informed consent, variable such as demographic data and type and degree of neuropathy were recorded. All the Hepatitis-C patients who presented to us during that time were evaluated clinically, serologically and electrophysiologically. Data Analysis: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20
Results: Out of the total study population of n= 139 patients peripheral neuropathy was present in n= 77 [55.39%] of the patient population; n= 3 [2.15%] had sensory type of neuropathy, n=13 [9.35%] had motor neuropathy and n= 61 [43.88%] had mixed type of neuropathy
Conclusion: According to the results of our study there is a significant association of peripheral neuropathy with hepatitis C in patients in South Asian population as more than hald of the participants had some form of peripheral neuropathy.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To find the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of neem oil extract on the selected cancerous (A-549, PC-3 and DU-145) and noncancerous (NIH3T3 and CCD-18Co) cell lines. Methods: Viability and cytotoxic effect induced by the extract was measured by using MTT assay and apoptotic effect of the extract was evaluated by using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide dual staining through a fluorescent microscope and activity of caspases 3, 8 and 9 through colorimetric assay kits. Results: The results showed that neem oil extract significantly reduced the viability in all selected cancer cells treated with varying concentrations of extract as compared with untreated cells and had less effect on noncancerous cell lines. It significantly increased the percentage of necrotic and apoptotic cells, and caspases 3, 8 and 9 activities in all cancer cells treated with extract as compared with untreated cells whereas no effect on noncancerous cell lines. It suggested that neem oil extract exerted a higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than normal cells and lower concentration induced apoptosis only in cancer cells. One of the apoptosis-inducing mechanism was through the activation of caspases signaling pathways. Conclusion: Conclusively, it implies that neem oil extract may contain one or more potential agents that can be used as a safe and effective anticancer therapy.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To find the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of neem oil extract on the selected cancerous (A-549, PC-3 and DU-145) and noncancerous (NIH3T3 and CCD-18Co) cell lines.Methods:Viability and cytotoxic effect induced by the extract was measured by using MTT assay and apoptotic effect of the extract was evaluated by using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide dual staining through a fluorescent microscope and activity of caspases 3, 8 and 9 through colorimetric assay kits.Results:The results showed that neem oil extract significantly reduced the viability in all selected cancer cells treated with varying concentrations of extract as compared with untreated cells and had less effect on noncancerous cell lines. It significantly increased the percentage of necrotic and apoptotic cells, and caspases 3, 8 and 9 activities in all cancer cells treated with extract as compared with untreated cells whereas no effect on noncancerous cell lines. It suggested that neem oil extract exerted a higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than normal cells and lower concentration induced apoptosis only in cancer cells. One of the apoptosis-inducing mechanism was through the activation of caspases signaling pathways.Conclusion:Conclusively, it implies that neem oil extract may contain one or more potential agents that can be used as a safe and effective anticancer therapy.
ABSTRACT
Medication errors occur every day causing injury to the patients and even deaths. The health care professionals are not fully aware of the damages done by medication errors in terms of patients' discomfort and economic burden. There is a need to provide information about medication errors to health care providers. This article reviews research done on the various aspects of medication errors. The research work done on prescribing errors, transcribing errors, dispensing errors, administration errors and discharged summaries errors have been examined. Eight strategies to reduce the occurrence of medication errors have been reviewed: [1] Electronic prescribing and computerized physician order entry [CPOE] with clinical decision support systems [CDSSs], [2] Bar Code, [3] Interventions to reduce medication errors, [4] Medication Error Reporting Systems [MERSs], [5] Alerts about medication errors, [6] Prevention of harm from high-alert drugs, [7] Smart Infusion Pumps and [8] Telemedicine or Telehealth or Telepharmacy. Statistical tests used in medication error studies have also been stated
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of CT scan in detecting paranasal sinus fungal infections
Study Design: Cross-sectional, observational study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, from April to September 2014
Methodology: Patients with clinical suspicion of fungal sinusitis were included in this study. Patients with already diagnosed or history of recurrent fungal infections were excluded. All these patients underwent CT scan examination of paranasal sinuses. Findings were recorded. Final diagnosis was based on smear analysis for fungal culture. Accuracy analysis was conducted for CT diagnosis using smear analysis as the gold standard. Kappa analysis was conducted to determine agreement
Results: Out of the 120 patients, 71 [59%] were male. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CT were 96.19%, 93.33%, 99.01%, 77.77%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was 95.83%. Kappa statistics showed 82% agreement beyond chance
Conclusion: CT scan is highly accurate in diagnosing and characterizing fungal infection of paranasal sinuses. It also determines the extent of disease which eventually aids in deciding the surgical approach to be used
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to find the cytotoxicity in vitro of nimbolide, limonoids derivative of flowers and leaves from Azadirachta indica [neem tree] on the selected cell lines of cancer [Du-145, PC-3, A-549] and normal fibroblast cell lines [NIH3T3, CCD-18Co] using MTT assay. The cells were seeded in 96 multi-well tissue plate using different concentrations of nimbolide for 24hrs and 48hrs. The percentage of viability of cell lines was calculated by optical density obtained by micro plate reader and cytotoxic effect in term of IC50 value was determined by using linear regression analysis. The percentages of viability of cells treated with different concentrations of nimbolide were significantly lower [P<0.05] than the untreated cancer cell lines while in normal cell lines no significant difference [P>0.05] between treated and the non-treated cells was observed. Nimbolide exerted time and dose dependent cytotoxic effect on the cancer lines and mild effect on the normal cell lines. It was further confirmed through PKH 26. Results of the present study suggested nimbolide as a potent chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agent as it exerted a more cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines as compared with the normal cell lines. Nimbolide may be a new hope as an anticancer drug in future
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging is well known to have clinical significance in the initial staging and response evaluation of the many kinds of neoplasms. However, its role in the pediatric neuroblastoma is not clearly defined. In the present study, the clinical significance of FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) in ¹²³I- or ¹³¹I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG)-avid pediatric neuroblastoma was investigated.METHODS: Twenty patients with neuroblastoma who undertook pretreatment FDG PET/CT at our institute between 2008 and 2015 and showed MIBG avidity were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. Clinical information—including histopathology, and serum markers—and several PET parameters—including SUVmax of the primary lesion (Psuv), target-to-background ratio (TBR), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and coefficient of variation (CV)—were analyzed. The prognostic effect of PET parameters was evaluated in terms of progression-free survival (PFS).RESULTS: Total 20 patients (4.5 ± 3.5 years) were divided as two groups by disease progression. Six patients (30.0 %) experienced disease progression and one patient (5.0 %) died during follow-up period. There were not statistically significant in age, stage, MYCN status, primary tumor size, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and ferritin level between two groups with progression or no progression. However, Psuv (p = 0.017), TBR (p = 0.09), MTV (p = 0.02), and CV (p = 0.036) showed significant differences between two groups. In univariate analysis, PFS was significantly associated with Psuv (p = 0.021) and TBR (p = 0.023).CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET parameters were significantly related with progression of neuroblastoma. FDG-PET/CT may have the potential as a valuable modality for evaluating prognosis in the patients with MIBG-avid pediatric neuroblastoma.
Subject(s)
Humans , 3-Iodobenzylguanidine , Disease Progression , Disease-Free Survival , Ferritins , Follow-Up Studies , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase , Neuroblastoma , Pediatrics , Phosphopyruvate Hydratase , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Tumor BurdenABSTRACT
Objective: To study the diagnostic accuracy of Ultrasound B scan using 10 MHz linear probe in ocular trauma
Methods: A total of 61 patients with 63 ocular injuries were assessed during July 2013 to January 2014. All patients were referred to the department of Radiology from Emergency Room since adequate clinical assessment of the fundus was impossible because of the presence of opaque ocular media. Based on radiological diagnosis, the patients were provided treatment [surgical or medical]. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed during surgical procedures or clinical follow-up
Results: A total of 63 ocular injuries were examined in 61 patients. The overall sensitivity was 91.5%, Specificity was 98.87%, Positive predictive value was 87.62 and Negative predictive value was 99%
Conclusion: Ultrasound B-scan is a sensitive, non invasive and rapid way of assessing intraocular damage caused by blunt or penetrating eye injuries
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the demography, characteristics, visual and anatomical outcomes of combat ocular injuries sustained by Pakistani troops
Study Design: Case series
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology [AFIO] Rawalpindi, from January 2010 to June 2014
Material and Methods: Data of 156 eyes of 120 war wounded patients treated at AFIO from 2010 - 2014 was retrieved and analysed. Record of each patient was evaluated and demographic data, mode and type of injury, initial and final visual acuity [VA], associated globe injuries, concomitant non-ocular injuries, type of surgical procedures and complications were endorsed on a pre-devised proforma. Injuries were classified according to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology [BETT]. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 13.0
Results: Mean age of study population was 28.33 +/- 7.70 years. Improvised explosive device [IED] blast was the most common mode injury occurring in 51 [42.5%] of casualties. Forty eight [30.76%] eyes sustained closed globe injuries while 108 [69.23%] eyes had open globe injuries. Thirty one [19.87%] eyes were initially managed conservatively, while primary corneo scleral repairs were done in 77 [49.35%] eyes. Overall, final visual outcome was significantly better in closed globe injuries as compared to open globe injuries with 26 [54.16%] eyes with closed globe injury achieving final VA of >/= 6/12 as compared to 10 [9.25%] eyes with open globe injuries
Conclusion: Closed globe combat ocular injuries have better visual outcome as compared to open globe injuries
ABSTRACT
As the paintball sports including war games have become popular, the incidence of paintball ocular injuries has increased considerably. These injuries are usually blunt trauma resulting from paintball projectiles, which travel at a speed of 80-130 m/s. We report 3 cases of ocular paintball injuries with compromised visual outcome sustained in unprotected environment highlighting the importance of compulsory use of American society for testing and material [ASTM] compliant eye protective devices [EPD] during paintball related activities
ABSTRACT
DM is an established risk factor for congestive cardiac failure, in which the diastolic function is impaired. The majority of these patients may be asymptomatic without signs of overt heart failure. The aim of this study was to determine asymptomatic Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfuction [LVDD] in Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus [NIDDM] in association with glycemic control and to assess the risk factors for the development of diastolic dysfunction. This cross sectional study was conducted at the Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi from Dec, 2011 to Nov 2012, 101 asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes without evidence of cardio-respiratory illness were enrolled. LVDD was evaluated by Doppler echocardiography, which included the valsalva manoeuvre. A total of 101 patients, LVDD was found in 67 subjects [66.34%] of whom 52 [51.48%] had impaired relaxation and 15 [14.85%] had a pseudonormal pattern of ventricular filling. The potential risk factors for the development of LVDD in type 2 diabetics were [a] age ?45 years was associated with an almost three times higher risk for LVDD, [b] females had almost two times a higher risk of LVDD as compared with men, and [c] Diabetic patients of more than two years' duration had a two times higher risk of LVDD. The study results also indicate that LVDD was significantly associated with increased age, longer duration of Diabetes and glycemic control [glycated HbA1c levels] and LVDD is found in diabetic patients before the onset of clinically detectable disease. The high prevalence of LVDD suggests that screening for LVDD should include procedures such as the valsalva manoeuvre
ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the frequency of various systemic risk factors associated with acute central serous chorioretinopathy [CSCR] in our setup
Study Design: descriptive case series
Place and Duration of Study: armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology [AFIO], Rawalpindi, from July 2011 to June 2014
Methodology: all consecutive patients with acute CSCR who presented in the outpatient department during the study period were recruited. Clinical findings were endorsed on a pre-devised proforma with special emphasis on inquiring about known systemic risk factors for CSCR in detail from each patient. Patients were managed conservatively with control of modifiable risk factors and topical 0.1% Nepafenac eye drops. Analysis of data was done using SPSS version 13.0
Results: forty-four eyes of 42 patients were eligible for final analysis. The mean age of study population was 37.38 +/-6.31 years with 38 [90.47%] male patients. Elevated serum cortisol and serum testosterone levels were found in 3 and 2 patients, respectively. Known systemic risk factors for CSCR were present in 36 [85.71%] patients with emotional stress/psychiatric disorder 15 [35.71%], Type A personality 11 [26.19%], smoking 10 [19.04%], hypertension 5 [11.90%], and acid peptic disease 4 [9.52%] were the most frequently found risk factors
Conclusion: emotional stress/psychiatric illness, hypertension, acid peptic disease and use of exogenous steroids and other medicines are the established risk factors for CSCR that can be modified / withdrawn to reduce the morbidity related to CSCR
ABSTRACT
Background: Patients having tuberculosis are registered in the TB DOTS program for their treatment. During the treatment sputum samples are sent periodically to the laboratory to check treatment efficacy. Usually after two months of treatment sputum smear becomes negative but presence of multiple cavities in the lung, bacillary load, diabetes mellitus and tobacco smoking, slows the sputum smear conversion time
Objectives: To determine the factors affecting sputum smear conversion time in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients
Study design, settings and duration: This cross sectional, analytical study was done by Pakistan Medical Research Council, TB Research Centre in collaboration with Institute of TB and Chest Medicine King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore from April 2013 to March, 2014
Patients and Methods: All newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were registered and given treatment by the DOTS program were included in the study. All patients underwent sputum smear microscopy along with Complete Blood Count and ESR at the time of enrollment. The patients were followed for next 6 months while on treatment. Sputum samples were tested at 2[nd] and 6[th] month to check the sputum conversion rate and indirectly to see the efficacy/compliance to treatment
Results: A total of 400 patients were enrolled with slightly more males [52%] as compared to females [48%]. Smear became negative within two months of starting treatment in 85.7% patients while in 14.2% it remained positive at 2[nd] and 6[th] months of therapy. There were more females [10.7%] whose sputum smear did not became negative as compared to males [3.5%]. Predominant factors affecting sputum smear conversion were low resistance, raised initial bacillary load, decreased hemoglobin level, and long duration of symptoms at the time of diagnosis
Conclusion: Factors like low resistance, high initial bacillary load and decreased hemoglobin levels affect the sputum smear conversion and should be addressed while assessing efficacy of anti-tuberculosis treatment