ABSTRACT
Our objective of the study was to determine the association between frequent use of Penicillins and Cephalosporins with developmental defects of enamel in pediatric age group. This is a cross sectional study, conducted at Ziauddin University. A total of 367 children, having the history of either Penicillin or Cephalosporin exposure were included. The parents of children were asked to complete a questionnaire related to disease and drug history. Dental examination was carried out to assess the hypomineralization in tooth enamel based on modified Developmental Defects of Enamel [DDE] index. Out of 367 children, 124 [34%] were males and females were 243[66%]. In the study group 22.6% [n= 83] of children were found to be hypomineralized. The maximum type of teeth defects were diffused opacities that was 12.0% [n=44]. The statistically significant association [p-value < 0.05] was found between frequency of antibiotic use and hypomineralization for most teeth. Children who were exposed to either Penicillins or Cephalosporin in early childhood showed significant [p-value < 0.002] hypomineralized enamel. This study concludes that frequent use of antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins has positive association with enamel hypomineralization in developing tooth structure
ABSTRACT
To determine the risk factors associated with decreased mouth opening among patients with OSMF. A cross-sectional study was performed in out-patient Dental Clinics,Tertiary care hospital and cases [diagnosed with OSMF], and the controls [who did not have OSMF] were recruited. The study questionnaire to collect information on demographics and clinical features were distributed among cases and controls and saliva samples were obtained for malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase. The variable [decreased mouth opening] was determined as a dependent/outcome variable. A descriptive comparative analysis was performed. The characteristics of cases and controls were compared. Co-relations were studied between various continuous variables. Cross-tabulations were performed between two categorical variables. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the associations between various independent variables, and the dependent variable - decreased mouth opening. Our study demonstrated that the mean age of our patients was cases 22.5 +/- 2.8 vs. controls 23.0 +/- 3.7 year, and they were more male cases as compared to controls. The cases were predominantly from lower socio-economic background. A multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that male gender, educational status [lesser education], higher levels of malondialdehyde, and lower levels of superoxide dismutase were associated with a greater risk of decreased mouth opening among patients with OSMF. Our study concluded that male gender, educational status [lesser education], higher levels of malondialdehyde, and lower levels of superoxide dismutase were associated with a greater risk of decreased mouth opening among patients with OSMF
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Mouth , Risk Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Malondialdehyde , Superoxide Dismutase , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF] differential leukocyte count [DLC] in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and to identify the predominant cell type in our set of population. It is a cross sectional study. This study was conducted at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from March 2012 till October 2012. The study comprises of 140 patients with COPD with no treatment or poor compliance to treatment and no history of any interventional procedures. All patients have undergone pulmonary function tests [PFTs] to differentiate obstructive pattern disease from restrictive. Fiber optic bronchoscopy was also done, after which 10 cc of BALF was collected and run for DLC. Patients were divided in two groups A and B according to gender, and each group was further divided in to two subgroups on the basis of age i.e. above 40 years and below 40 years. All patients have higher percentage of lymphocytes as compared to polymorphs. A higher concentration of lymphocytes as compared to polymorphs in COPD patients is considered to be an uncommon in Pakistan as per literature survey is concerned, because very less work is done on BALF analysis. Our study suggests that percentage of lymphocytes in patients suffering from COPD is quite high and cases are not restricted to classical acute pulmonary infections